Editing Albany, New York (section)

==Demographics==
===City of immigrants===
{{US Census population
| 1790 = 3498
| 1800 = 5349
| 1810 = 10762
| 1820 = 12630
| 1830 = 24209
| 1840 = 33721
| 1850 = 50763
| 1860 = 62367
| 1870 = 69422
| 1880 = 90758
| 1890 = 94923
| 1900 = 94151
| 1910 = 100253
| 1920 = 113344
| 1930 = 127412
| 1940 = 130577
| 1950 = 134995
| 1960 = 129726
| 1970 = 115781
| 1980 = 101727
| 1990 = 101082
| 2000 = 95658
| 2010 = 97856
| 2020 = 99224
| estyear = 2023
| estimate = 101228
| footnote = Sources: 1790–1950,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch08.pdf|pages=32–8 (64 in PDF file)|title=1950 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population|access-date = September 6, 2010|year=1950|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><br />1960–1980,<ref>{{cite book|title=1980 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population|page=34-10|access-date=September 6, 2010|year=1980|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpUXAAAAYAAJ&q=roessleville%201980%20census&pg=SA34-PA10}}</ref> 1990–2000<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website }}</ref><br>
2010–2020<ref>{{cite web|title=QuickFacts; Albany, New York; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albanycitynewyork/POP010220|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 23, 2021}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Race and ethnicity 2020 Albany, NY.png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Albany, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(115, 178, 255)|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(159, 212, 0)|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(255, 0, 0)|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(255, 170, 0)|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(140, 81, 181)|Multiracial}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(153, 102, 51)|Native American/Other}}]]

Historically, Albany's population has been mixed. First dominated by Mohican and Mohawk, then Dutch and Germans, it was overtaken by the British in the early 19th century. Irish immigrants soon outnumbered most other ethnicities by the mid-19th century, and were followed by Italians and [[Polish people|Poles]]. In the mid-to-late 20th century, the African-American population increased with thousands of people from the rural South, as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. As historian (and Albany Assemblyman) [[John McEneny]] puts it,
{{blockquote|Dutch and Yankee, German and Irish, Polish and Italian, black and Chinese—over the centuries Albany's heritage has reflected a succession of immigrant nationalities. Its streets have echoed with a dozen languages, its neighborhoods adapting to the distinctive life-style and changing economic fortunes of each new group.<ref name=mceneny102>McEneny (2006), p. 102</ref>}}

Until after the Revolution, Albany's population consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch descendants. Settlers migrating from New England tipped the balance toward British ethnicity in the early 19th century.<ref name="mceneny103">McEneny (2006), p. 103</ref> Jobs on the turnpikes, canals, and railroads attracted floods of [[Irish American|Irish immigrants]] in the early 19th century, especially in the 1840s during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], solidifying the city's Irish base. [[Michael N. Nolan|Michael Nolan]] became Albany's first [[Irish Catholic]] mayor in 1878,<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael N. Nolan|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000126|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=February 18, 2023}}</ref> two years before Boston.<ref name="mceneny104">McEneny (2006), p. 104</ref> [[Polish American|Polish]] and [[Italian American|Italian]] immigrants began arriving in Albany in the wave of immigration in the latter part of the 19th century. Their numbers were smaller than in many other eastern cities mainly because most had found manufacturing jobs at [[General Electric]] in Schenectady.<ref name="mceneny107">McEneny (2006), p. 107</ref> The Jewish community had been established early, with [[Sephardic Jewish]] members as part of the Beverwijck community. Its population rose during the late 19th century, when many [[Ashkenazi Jews]] immigrated from eastern Europe.<ref name="mceneny107" /> In that period, there was also an influx of [[Chinese American|Chinese]] and east Asian immigrants, who settled in the downtown section of the city. Many of their descendants have since moved to suburban areas.<ref name="mceneny108">McEneny (2006), p. 108</ref> Asian immigration all but halted after the [[Immigration Act of 1924]].<ref name="mceneny111">McEneny (2006), p. 111</ref>

Albany saw its last large immigration pattern as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] when many African Americans moved there from the [[American South]] before and after [[World War I]] to fill industrial positions and find other opportunities. In the early years, African-Americans lived together with Italians, Jews, and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive.<ref>[https://www.questia.com/library/p18/afro-americans-in-new-york-life-and-history/i2464161/vol-32-no-1-january Lemak, Jennifer A. "Albany, New York and the Great Migration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310073941/https://www.questia.com/library/p18/afro-americans-in-new-york-life-and-history/i2464161/vol-32-no-1-january |date=March 10, 2018 }}, ''Afro – Americans in New York Life and History'', Vol. 32, Iss. 1, (Jan 2008): 47–74</ref> The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then; African Americans made up three percent of the city's population in 1950, six percent in 1960, 12 percent in 1970, and 30 percent in 2010. The change in proportion is related mostly to middle-class white families moving to the suburbs and black families remaining within city limits during the same time period.<ref name="mceneny111"/><ref name="GR2" />

Since 2007, the number of [[Myanmar|Burmese]] refugees to Albany has increased. The Burmese refugee community consists mostly of people of [[Karen people|Karen]] ethnicity. An estimated 5,000 Burmese refugees reside in Albany {{as of|2015|January|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKibben |first=Matthew |title=Albany's Karen community celebrates New Year |url=http://www.dailygazette.com/news/2015/jan/12/karen-new-year/?print |newspaper=[[The Daily Gazette]] |date=January 12, 2015 |access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grondahl |first=Paul |title=They nail the American Dream |url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/They-nail-the-American-Dream-4340962.php |newspaper=[[Times Union (Albany)]] |date=March 9, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Religious participation===
[[File:Dutch Church Albany.jpg|thumb|The [[First Church in Albany (Reformed)]] is the oldest congregation in [[Upstate New York]].<ref name="firstchurch" />|alt=A brick church with two tall, symmetric steeples is seen in front of a city street, to the right of a wooded park.]]
Like most cities of comparable age and size, Albany has well-established [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christian]], Roman [[Catholic]], [[Protestant]], and Jewish communities. Albany is home to the oldest Christian congregation in Upstate New York and the [[Mother Church]]es of two Christian [[dioceses]]. {{As of|2010|06}}, eight churches or religious buildings in the city were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York|National Register of Historic Places]],<ref name="nrhp">{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions |publisher=[[National Park Service]], [[United States Department of the Interior]] |access-date=June 19, 2010 |date=June 18, 2010 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/nrlist.htm}}</ref> one of which—[[St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)|St. Peter's Episcopal Church]] on State Street—is a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nhl">{{cite web |author=National Park Service |author-link=National Park Service |title=National Historic Landmarks Survey: Database |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/default.cfm |access-date=September 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606195612/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/default.cfm |archive-date=June 6, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Established in 1642,<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Church in Albany |publisher=New York State Museum |date=May 1, 2009 |access-date=June 19, 2010 |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/drc.html#second |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706055033/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/drc.html#second |url-status=dead }}</ref> the congregation of the [[First Church in Albany (Reformed)]], also known as the North Dutch Church (on North Pearl Street), is the second-oldest [[Reformed Church in America]].<ref name="firstchurch">{{cite journal |last=Hoeven |first=James W. Van |title=The First Church in Albany |url=http://www.reformedworship.org/article/december-1987/first-church-albany |publisher=Faith Alive Christian Resources |journal=Reformed Worship |issue=6 |date=December 1987 |access-date=July 31, 2011}}</ref> The [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Albany, New York)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] (Eagle Street and Madison Avenue, built 1852) is the cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany]], led by [[Bishop (Catholicism)|Bishop]] [[Edward Scharfenberger]],<ref name="waite120121">Waite (1993), pp. 120–121</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany: A Brief History |publisher=Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany |url=http://www.rcda.org/history.html |access-date=May 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200024/http://www.rcda.org/history.html |archive-date=April 30, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Cathedral of All Saints (Albany, New York)|Cathedral of All Saints]] (South Swan Street and Elk Street, built 1888) is the cathedral of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Albany]].<ref name="waite8384">Waite (1993), pp. 83–84</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Diocese of Albany: A Brief History of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany |publisher=Episcopal Diocese of Albany |url=http://www.albanyepiscopaldiocese.org/about/history.html |access-date=May 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422074058/http://www.albanyepiscopaldiocese.org/about/history.html |archive-date=April 22, 2006 }}</ref> As of 2023, the city was home to twelve Catholic churches<ref>{{cite web |title=Parish Search |publisher=Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany |url=https://www.rcda.org/parishes/find |access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref> and four Episcopal churches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find a Church: Albany |publisher=Episcopal Diocese of Albany |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/find-a-church/albany/ |accessdate=February 18, 2023}}</ref> Despite its history of [[Christendom]], in 2019 the Albany-Schenectady-Troy MSA was found to be among the most [[Postchristianity|post-Christian]] cities in the United States in a study by Christian polling firm [[The Barna Group]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Most Post-Christian Cities in America: 2019 |publisher=The Barna Group |url=https://www.barna.com/research/post-christian-cities-2019/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 }}</ref>

A significant Jewish presence has existed in Albany as early as 1658.<ref name="Judaica" /> As of 2010, Albany is home to two [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogues, a [[Chabad|Chabad-Lubavitch]] synagogue, an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogue, and two [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Synagogues in Albany |publisher=MavenSearch (Jewish Web Directory) |url=http://www.mavensearch.com/synagogues/C3329Y3783RX |access-date=June 22, 2010 |year=2010 |archive-date=May 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501112202/http://www.mavensearch.com/synagogues/C3329Y3783RX |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albany is also home to one of the few [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] synagogues outside Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Homepage |publisher=Karaite Jewish Congregation Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim |year=2010 |access-date=June 22, 2010 |url=http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414060746/http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/ |archive-date=April 14, 2009 }} ''This link is not active during [[Shabbat]], which begins on Friday at sundown, [[Eastern Time Zone|local time]], and ends the following Saturday night.''</ref>{{verify source|date=February 2022}} As of 2008, the total membership in Albany's synagogues was estimated at 12,000–13,000, with half the members residing outside the city.<ref name="Judaica">{{cite web |title = Albany (re-published from Encyclopedia Judaica) |url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00672.html |publisher = The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |access-date = June 26, 2010}}</ref> Since the early 2000s, there has been an increase in Orthodox Jews moving to Albany from the New York Metro area, largely due to cheaper housing prices and closer walking proximity to synagogues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Jews recruit city dwellers to Albany|url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Albany-beckons-to-Orthodox-Jews-14908756.php#photo-2802846|publisher=[[Times Union (Albany)]]|first=Lynda|last=Edwards|date=December 15, 2019|access-date=May 9, 2021}}</ref>

The Islamic community in Albany and its surrounding suburbs is represented by at least four major mosques in the region. The Muslim population increased substantially starting in the late 2000s, with the arrival of many refugees from countries such as [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Albany schools consider closing for Muslim holy days |last=Bump |first=Bethany |publisher= Hearst Media |work=Times Union (Albany) |date=March 10, 2017 |accessdate=February 18, 2023 |url=https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Albany-schools-consider-closing-for-Muslim-holy-10994116.php}}</ref>

Exact numbers on religious denominations in Albany are not readily available. Demographic statistics in the United States depend heavily on the [[United States Census Bureau]], which cannot ask about religious affiliation as part of its [[United States Census|decennial census]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 22, 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119172319/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm |archive-date=January 19, 2009  }}</ref> It does compile some national and statewide religious statistics,<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2010 Statistical Abstract (Population: Religion) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |year=2010 |access-date=June 22, 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/population/religion.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225193720/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/population/religion.html |url-status=dead|archive-date=December 25, 2007  }}</ref> but these are not representative of a city the size of Albany. One report from 2000 offers religious affiliations for Albany County. According to the data, 59.2% of Albany County residents identified as Christian: 47% are [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]], 8.4% are [[mainline Protestant]]s, 2.7% are [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], and 1.1% are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental]] Orthodox Christians. Residents who practice Judaism make up 4.2% of the population and Muslims represent 0.2%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albany County, New York Denominational Groups, 2000 |publisher=The Association of Religious Data Archives |year=2000 |url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/counties/36001_2000_Theology.asp |access-date=June 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514140933/http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/counties/36001_2000_Theology.asp |archive-date=May 14, 2011 }}</ref>

===Modern overview===
====2020 census====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Albany city, New York – Racial and ethnic composition<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Albany city, New York|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US3601000|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name="2010CensusP2">{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Albany city, New York|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3601000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name="2020CensusP2">{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Albany city, New York|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3601000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|58,459
|52,857
|style='background: #ffffe6; |44,392
|61.11%
|54.02%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |44.74%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|26,042
|28,479
|style='background: #ffffe6; |29,222
|27.22%
|29.10%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |29.45%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|233
|191
|style='background: #ffffe6; |241
|0.24%
|0.20%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.24%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|3,089
|4,850
|style='background: #ffffe6; |7,949
|3.23%
|4.96%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |8.01%
|-
|[[Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|27
|47
|style='background: #ffffe6; |66
|0.03%
|0.05%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.07%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|217
|296
|style='background: #ffffe6; |871
|0.23%
|0.30%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.88%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|2,242
|2,740
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,942
|2.34%
|2.80%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.98%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|5,349
|8,396
|style='background: #ffffe6; |11,541
|5.59%
|8.58%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |11.63%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''95,658'''
|'''97,856'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''99,224'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

{{update section|date=September 2021}}

As of April 1, 2020, Albany's population was 99,224.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albanycitynewyork/POP010220|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209235325/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albanycitynewyork/POP010220 |archive-date=December 9, 2021 }}</ref>

With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million,<ref name="esd.ny.gov">{{cite web|url=http://esd.ny.gov/regionaloverviews/capital/InsideRegion.html |title=Inside the Capital |access-date=November 9, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913073300/https://www.esd.ny.gov/RegionalOverviews/Capital/InsideRegion.html |archive-date=September 13, 2015 }}</ref> the eight county  Capital District, encompassing Albany, Troy, Schenectady and Saratoga, is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state.

As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]],<ref name="GR2" /> Albany's population density was {{convert|4572.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 46,362 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2166.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}; 5,205 of these units (11.2%) were vacant. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|racial makeup]] of the city residents was 52.3% [[Definitions of whiteness in the United States|white]]; 27% [[Black race|black]] or African American; 0.06% Native American or [[Alaska Natives|Native Alaskan]]; 7.4% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]; 0.1% [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander]]; .06% from other races; and 3.6% from two or more races. A total of 9.2% of the population were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race.{{efn|The percentages listed here were calculated using the raw population data given by the Census Bureau divided by the total population, rounded to the nearest [[hundredth]]. These percentages were calculated using the total population value of 97,856 as the [[divisor]], not the 94,233 people claiming one race.<ref name="GR2"/>|group=Note}} [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 52.0% of the population in 2010,<ref name="census.gov" /> compared to 87.0% in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=May 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>

As of 2010, 20.0% of Albany's population was under the age of 18, 19.3% was aged 18 to 24, 29.2% was aged 25 to 44, 18.1% was aged 45 to 64, and 13.4% was aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. Some 81.3% of the population had completed high school or earned an equivalency diploma.<ref name="GR2" />

As of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], the top five [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|ancestry groups]] in the city were African American (27%), Irish (18.1%), Italian (12.4%), German (10.4%), and English (5.2%); (33.1%) of the population reported "other ancestries". Albany is home to a [[Triqui language]]-speaking community of [[Mexican-Americans]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Claudio Torrens |title=Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier |work=UTSanDiego.com |access-date=February 10, 2013 |date=May 28, 2011 |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last = Carleo-Evangelist|first=Jordan|title =Keeping a language alive: Dictionary project aims to save native tongue of the Triqui community|work = [[Times Union (Albany)]]|access-date = June 4, 2016|date = April 14, 2014|url = http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Keeping-a-language-alive-5399660.php}}</ref>

There were 40,709 households in Albany in 2000, of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.3% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.8% were non-families. 41.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.95.<ref name="GR2" />

The median income for a household in the city in 2000 was ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|50041|1999}}}}, and the median income for a family was ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|51935|1999}}}} (male, year-round worker) and ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|47112|1999}}}} (female, year-round worker). The per capita income for the city was ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|38281|1999}}}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_06.html#a |title=Uniform Crime Reports: Table 6 Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2008 |access-date=September 8, 2015 |work=2008 Crime in the United States |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823044323/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_06.html |archive-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref>{{efn|These values were given in 1999 dollars; here they have been adjusted for inflation.<ref name="GR2"/>|group=Note}} About 16.0% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]], including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="GR2" /> The [[Crime rate|rate]] of reported violent crimes for 2008 (1,095 incidents per 100,000 residents) were more than double the rate for similarly sized US cities. Reported property crimes (4,669 incidents per 100,000 residents) were somewhat lower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_06.html#a |title=Uniform Crime Reports: Table 6 Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2008 |access-date=September 8, 2010 |work=2008 Crime in the United States |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823044323/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_06.html |archive-date=August 23, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_16.html |title=Uniform Crime Reports: Table 16 Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2008 |access-date=September 8, 2010 |work=2008 Crime in the United States |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818181335/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_16.html |archive-date=August 18, 2010}}</ref>

Demographically speaking, the population of Albany and the Capital District mirrors the characteristics of the United States consumer population as a whole better than any other major municipality in the country. According to a 2004 study conducted by the [[LiveRamp|Acxiom Corporation]], Albany and its environs are the top-ranked standard test market for new business and retail products. Albany, Rochester, and Syracuse all scored within the top five.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cincinnati Among Top 20 at Average: N.Y. Cities Head Test Market List |author=Paeth, Greg |work=[[The Cincinnati Post]] |publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]] |date=June 3, 2004 |access-date=June 6, 2010 |url=http://www.cincypost.com/2004/06/03/aver060304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312042230/http://www.cincypost.com/2004/06/03/aver060304.html |archive-date=March 12, 2007}}</ref>

According to the 2020 [[American Community Survey]], the Latino population was: 4.57% [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], 1.45% [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]], .84% [[Ecuadorian Americans|Ecuadorian]], .77% [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]], .69% [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]], .22% [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Stamford+city,+Connecticut+Race+and+Ethnicity&g=0500000US36119_1600000US3655530,3656979&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B03001 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

===Crime===
Albany's violent crime rate was 837/100,000 residents in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Albany, NY – Crime on the Open Data Network |url=https://www.opendatanetwork.com/entity/1600000US3601000/Albany_NY/crime.fbi_ucr.rate?crime_type=Violent%20crime&year=2018&ref=related-sibling |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=www.opendatanetwork.com}}</ref> compared to 1,043 in Buffalo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Buffalo, NY – Crime on the Open Data Network |url=https://www.opendatanetwork.com/entity/1600000US3611000/Buffalo_NY/crime.fbi_ucr.rate?crime_type=Violent%20crime&year=2018&ref=related-sibling |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=www.opendatanetwork.com}}</ref> 778 in Rochester, 703 in Syracuse,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Syracuse, NY – Crime on the Open Data Network |url=https://www.opendatanetwork.com/entity/1600000US3673000/Syracuse_NY/crime.fbi_ucr.rate?crime_type=Violent%20crime&year=2018&ref=related-sibling |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=www.opendatanetwork.com}}</ref> and 541 in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for New York, NY – Crime on the Open Data Network |url=https://www.opendatanetwork.com/entity/1600000US3651000/New_York_NY/crime.fbi_ucr.rate?crime_type=Violent%20crime&year=2018&ref=related-sibling |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=www.opendatanetwork.com}}</ref> New York State had statewide violent crime rate of 358/100,000 people in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=FBI releases crime rates for New York State |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-5 |access-date= }}</ref> Total violent crime rate in the US in 2019 was 367.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-1|title=Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 2000–2019|website=FBI}}</ref>