Editing Advocate (section)

===Russia===
In [[Russia]], anyone with a legal education (lawyer) can practice law, but only a member of the ''{{transliteration|ru|Advokatura}}'' ({{lang|ru|Адвокатура}}) may practice before a criminal court (other person can be a defence counsel in criminal proceeding along with a member of ''Advokatura'' but not in lieu him)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Velimirova|first=Viktoriya|date=15 February 2018|title=Конституционный Суд пояснил, по каким основаниям суд может не допустить в дело защитника-неадвоката|language=ru|magazine=Адвокатская газета|url=https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/ks-reshal-dolzhen-li-zashchitnik-imet-yuridicheskoe-obrazovanie/}}</ref> and [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court]] (leaving aside persons having [[academic degree]] of [[Candidate of Sciences|candidate]] or [[Doctor of Sciences|doctor]] in juridical sciences who also can represent parties in constitutional proceeding).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksrf.ru/ru/Info/LegalBases/FCL/Pages/Chapter2.aspx|title=Общие правила производства в Конституционном Суде Российской Федерации|language=ru|publisher=[[Constitutional Court of Russia]]|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052959/http://ksrf.ru/ru/Info/LegalBases/FCL/Pages/Chapter2.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Specialist degree]] in law is the most commonly awarded [[academic degree]] in Russian jurisprudence<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawstudies.com/Russia/|title=Study Law in Russia|language=en|publisher=Lawstudies.com}}</ref> but after Russia's accession to the [[Bologna Process|Bologna process]]<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=18 September 2003|title=Россия присоединилась к Болонской конвенции|language=ru|work=[[RIA Novosti]]|url=https://ria.ru/20030918/436076.html}}</ref> only [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor]] of laws and [[Master's degree|master]] of laws [[academic degree]]s are available in Russian institutions of higher education.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=25 October 2007|title=В РФ вводится двухуровневая система высшего образования|language=ru|work=[[RBK Group|RBK]]|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/25/10/2007/5703c98e9a79470eaf76788c|trans-title=A two-tier system of higher education is being introduced in the Russian Federation}}</ref> An "advocate" is a lawyer who has demonstrated qualification and belongs to an organizational structure of Advocates specified by law,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maggs|first1=Peter|last2=Schwartz|first2=Olga|last3=Burnham|first3=William|year=2015|title=Law and Legal System of the Russian Federation|edition=6|language=en|location=Huntington, New York|publisher=Juris Publishing|page=196|isbn=978-1-57823-443-1}}</ref> known as being "[[Call to the bar|called to the bar]]" in Commonwealth countries.

An examination is administered by the qualifications commission of regional advocate's chamber for admission to its ''{{transliteration|ru|Advokatura}}''. To sit for the exam, one must have a higher legal education and also two years of experience in legal work after graduation or a training program in a law firm after graduation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fparf.ru/education/learning/|title=Выучиться на адвоката|language=ru|publisher=Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation}}</ref> The exam is both [[Writing assessment|written]] and [[Oral exam|oral]], but the main test is oral. The written exam takes place in the form of computer testing and includes issues of the professional conduct of advocate and advocate's professional responsibility. After successfully passing of the written exam the candidates are allowed to take the oral exam. As part of the oral exam, the candidate must demonstrate his knowledge in various bodies of law and solve some mimic a real-life legal tasks. The candidate who does not pass the qualification exam can try to pass it again after 1 year only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/regulations-on-the-procedure-of-qualification-examination-for-the-status-of-a-lawyer/|title=Положение о порядке сдачи квалификационного экзамена на присвоение статуса адвоката|language=ru|publisher=Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation}}</ref> The qualifications commission is composed of seven Advocates, two judges, two representatives of the regional legislature, and two representatives of the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-commissions/razyasnenie-komissii-fpa-rf-po-etike-i-standartam%20otvod/|title=Разъяснение Комиссии ФПА РФ по этике и стандартам по вопросу об отводе члена квалификационной комиссии|language=ru|publisher=Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation|trans-title=Clarification of the FPA RF Commission on Ethics and Standards on the issue of disqualification of a member of the qualification commission|date=18 November 2020}}</ref>

After successful passing the qualification exam a candidate should take the oath of advocate. From the moment of taking the oath, he becomes an advocate and a member of the advocate's chamber of the relevant [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject of Russia]]. Advocate's chamber sends relevant information to the territorial subdivision of the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation]], which includes the new advocate in the register of Advocates of the relevant [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject of Russia]] and issues to him an advocate's certificate, which is the only official document confirming the status of an advocate, on the basis of this information. The status of an advocate is granted for an indefinite period and is not limited by any age. There is only 1 advocate's chamber in each federal subject of Russia. Each advocate can be the member of only 1 advocate's chamber and can be listed in the register of Advocates of the relevant federal subject of Russia only. In case of relocation to another region, the advocate ceases to be a member of the advocate's chamber and should be excluded from register of Advocates at the old place of residence (advocate's certificate should be returned to the subdivision of the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation]], which issued it), and after that he becomes a member of the advocate's chamber and is included in the register of Advocates at the new place of residence (where he receive new advocate's certificate) without any exams. Each advocate can carry out his professional activity throughout Russia, regardless of membership in particular regional advocate's chamber and regardless of particular regional register where he is listed in. Advocates carry out their professional activity individually (advocate's cabinet) or as the member of advocate's [[juridical person]] (collegium of Advocates, advocate's bureau). Advocate can open own cabinet after at least 3 years legal practice in collegium or bureau. An advocate, who has opened own cabinet, can not be the member of any advocate's juridical person, and an advocate, who is the member of one advocate's juridical person, can not be the member of any other advocate's juridical person. Advocate is obliged to report to advocate's chamber any changes in his membership in a collegium or a bureau and, equally, opening and closing a cabinet.<ref>{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=63-FZ|date=31 May 2002|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=Об адвокатской деятельности и адвокатуре в Российской Федерации|language=ru|trans-title=About advocate's activity and advokatura in Russian Federation|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=31.05.2002&a8=63-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=47&y=12}}</ref>

An advocate can not be an individual entrepreneur, [[government]] [[official]], [[Municipality|municipal]] [[official]], [[notary]], [[judge]], [[Election|elected]] [[official]]. An advocate can not work under an [[employment]] ([[Labour law|labour]]) [[contract]], with the exception of [[Science|scientific]] and [[Teacher|teaching]] activities. An advocate may combine his status with the status of a [[patent attorney]], a [[trustee in bankruptcy]]. An advocate may be a [[shareholder]]/[[Ownership|owner]] of business [[juridical person]]s and a member of [[voluntary associations]] and [[Political party|political parties]]. Russian advocate may have a status of advocate ([[Attorney at law|attorney]], [[barrister]], [[solicitor]]) in foreign [[jurisdiction]], subject to above conditions.

[[Russia]]n law provides for voluntary and involuntary suspension of advocate's status. Voluntary suspension for a term of 1 to 10 years occurs when an Advocate files relevant application to the advocate's chamber. Involuntary suspension is applicable in cases of serious illness, election to an elected position in federal, regional or local authorities, military conscription, declaration of absence made by the court decision. An Advocate can not carry out advocate's activity during suspension, otherwise he may be deprived of the right to be an Advocate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Varaksin|first=Maksim|date=1 August 2018|title=За адвокатами с приостановленным статусом предложили установить слежку|language=ru|magazine=[[Pravo.ru]]|url=https://pravo.ru/news/204384/}}</ref> After the end of the suspension, advocate's status should be resumed without any additional conditions. Also [[Russia]]n law provides for voluntary and involuntary termination of advocate's status. Voluntary termination of the status occurs when an Advocate files relevant application to the advocate's chamber. Involuntary termination of the status is applicable in cases of death, declaration of no having legal capacity or having limited legal capacity made by the court decision, conviction for intentional crime made by the court decision, violations of the federal law regulating advocate's activity or advocate's code of conduct found by advocate's chamber. The latter two cases incur lifetime prohibition on being an Advocate.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pavlova|first=Zinaida|date=1 March 2021|title=Прекращение статуса адвоката по неблаговидным причинам теперь закрывает доступ к судебному представительству?|language=ru|magazine=Адвокатская газета|url=https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/prekrashchenie-statusa-advokata-po-neblagovidnym-prichinam-teper-zakryvaet-dostup-k-sudebnomu-predstavitelstvu/}}</ref> In other cases, ex-Advocate can go back to being an Advocate on general grounds through a passing the qualification exam, on condition that the reasons for termination of advocate's status have ceased to exist.

Advocate's chambers are [[professional association]]s of Advocates, which are based on mandatory membership of Advocates. All regional advocate's chambers are mandatory members of [[Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation]] ({{langx|ru|Федеральная палата адвокатов Российской Федерации}}), which is [[professional association]] at the federal level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fparf.ru/fpa-rf/about/|title=О Федеральной палате адвокатов РФ|language=ru|publisher=Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation}}</ref>

As of 2018, there were 49,4 Advocates per {{formatnum: 100000}} people in Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khimshiashvili|first1=Polina|last2=Alekhina|first2=Margarita|date=4 October 2018|title=Адвокатов в России оказалось в три раза меньше по сравнению с Европой|language=ru|work=[[RBK Group|RBK]]|url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/04/10/2018/5bb550b29a794759928e6e99}}</ref>

In [[Russia]], foreign Advocates can advise on the legislation of their countries; they should register in the special register maintained by the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation]] to obtain the right to carry out this activity.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=22 August 2012|title=Приказ Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации (Минюст России) от 31 июля 2012 г. N 151 г. Москва "Об утверждении Административного регламента предоставления Министерством юстиции Российской Федерации государственной услуги по ведению реестра адвокатов иностранных государств, осуществляющих адвокатскую деятельность на территории Российской Федерации"|language=ru|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|url=https://rg.ru/2012/08/22/advokat-dok.html}}</ref> Foreign advocate can in addition become Russian advocate. There are two possible paths for that. The first possibility is to become Russian advocate on the same basis as Russian citizens (i.e. through higher legal education in one of Russian universities, two years of experience in legal work in Russia after graduation or a training program in Russian law firm after graduation, successful passing the qualification exam). Since Russia's [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] Accession the second possibility is available: foreign advocate can just pass special qualification exam to become Russian advocate.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=22 March 2011|title=ФПА разрешила иностранным адвокатам получать статус российского адвоката|language=ru|work=Pravo.ru|url=https://pravo.ru/news/view/50683/}}</ref>