Editing Action (firearms) (section)

===Manual operation===
====Revolver====
{{Main|Revolver}}
[[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|250px|Smith & Wesson M&P revolver]]
A '''revolver''' is a multi-[[chamber (firearms)|chamber]] (but single-[[gun barrel|barrel]]led) firearm that houses cartridges in a rotary [[cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]] which [[indexing (motion)|index]]es each round into alignment with the [[gun barrel#Bore|bore]] (with the help of a forcing cone) prior to each shot.  Revolvers are most often [[handgun]]s;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samuelcolt.net/colt-revolver-history/revolver-history/|title=Revolver History – Colt Revolver|website=www.samuelcolt.net|access-date=2016-07-15|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918075330/http://www.samuelcolt.net/colt-revolver-history/revolver-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, examples of [[revolving rifle]]s, shotguns, and cannons have been made.  The cylinder is most often rotated via [[linkage (mechanical)|linkage]] to a manually manipulated external [[hammer (firearms)|hammer]], although some revolvers are "double-action" and can use the manual pull of the [[trigger (firearms)|trigger]] to drive both the cylinder rotation and hammer cocking. Some examples of firearms using the revolver principle are the [[Smith & Wesson Model 3]] and [[Colt M1889|Colt Model 1889]].

====Bolt action====
[[File:Open bolt action.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Barreled action for bolt-action rifle]]
{{Main|Bolt action}}
In '''bolt-action''' firearms, the opening and closing of the breech is operated by direct manual manipulation of the [[bolt (firearms)|bolt]] via a protruding [[cocking handle|bolt handle]].

===== Rotating bolt action =====
Most bolt-actions utilize a rotating bolt ("turn-pull") design, where the bolt handle must be rotated upwards for unlocking before the bolt can be pulled back to opening the breech and eject any spent cartridge, and must be rotated back down for locking after the bolt closes the breech. The three predominant rotating bolt-action systems are the [[Gewehr 98#M98 controlled-feed bolt-action system|Mauser]], [[Lee–Enfield]], and [[Mosin–Nagant]] systems, with the Mauser system emerging into the mainstream as the most widely used rotating bolt-action design.

===== Straight-pull action =====
There are also straight pull bolt-action systems that use complex bolt head designs to facilitate locking instead of needing to rotate the bolt handle every time.[[File:M1895 US Navy Straight Pull Rifle.jpg|thumb|250px|U.S. [[M1895 Lee Navy]] straight-pull rifle]]
In the Mauser-style [[bolt action#Rotating bolt|turn-bolt]] action,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhABWdIx8bk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/GhABWdIx8bk| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Best Straight Pull Rifle Actions – Blaser, Merkel Helix, Heym, Browning Acera|last=USOG|date=27 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spJQapFXEO8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/spJQapFXEO8| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Straight-Pull Rifle Test|last=Fieldsports Channel|date=7 December 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the [[cocking handle|bolt handle]] must be rotated upward, pull rearward, pushed forward, and finally rotated back downward into lock.  In a straight pull bolt-action, the bolt can be cycled without rotating, hence reducing the required range of motion by the shooter from four movements to two, with the goal of increasing the [[rate of fire]].  The [[Ross rifle|Ross]] and [[Schmidt–Rubin]] rifles load via [[stripper clip]]s, albeit of an unusual [[paperboard]] and steel design in the Schmidt–Rubin rifle, while the Mannlicher uses [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en-bloc clip]]s.  The Schmidt–Rubin series, which culminated in the [[K31]], are also known for being among the most accurate military [[service rifle]]s ever made.  Yet another variant of the straight pull bolt-action, of which the [[M1895 Lee Navy]] is an example, is a camming action in which pulling the bolt handle causes the bolt to rock, freeing a stud from the receiver and unlocking the bolt.

In 1993, the German firearms 
company [[Blaser]], introduced the [[Blaser R93]], a new straight pull bolt-action rifle where locking is achieved by a series of concentric "claws" that protrude/retract from the bolthead, a design that is referred to as ''Radialbundverschluss'' ("radial connection"). As of 2017 the Rifle Shooter magazine<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Straight pull rifles - in depth analysis of three popular straight pulls |url=https://gundog-journal.com/article/straight-pull-rifles-in-depth-analysis-of-three-popular-straight-pulls |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Rifle Shooter |language=en}}</ref> listed its successor [[Blaser R8]] as one of the three most popular straight pull bolt-action together with [[Merkel (firearms manufacturer)|Merkel]] Helix<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/merkel-rx-helix-review/ |title=Merkel RX Helix Review {{!}} Sporting Rifle magazine |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108045609/https://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/merkel-rx-helix-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Browning Arms Company|Browning]] Maral.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/browning_maral |title=Browning Maral {{!}} Straight-Pull Rifles Reviews {{!}} Gun Mart |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072021/https://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/browning_maral |url-status=live }}</ref> Some other notable modern straight pull bolt-action rifles are made by [[Chapuis Armes|Chapuis]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/04/11/chapuis-armes-rols-new-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifle/ |title=Chapuis Armes "ROLS": New Straight Pull Bolt Action Rifle – The Firearm BlogThe Firearm Blog |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102180234/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/04/11/chapuis-armes-rols-new-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifle/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Heym (gun manufacturer)|Heym]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/heym-sr30-straight-pull-rifle-review |title=Heym SR30 straight-pull rifle review review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101233039/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/heym-sr30-straight-pull-rifle-review |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lynx Rifles|Lynx]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/lynx-94-review/ |title=Lynx 94 Review {{!}} Sporting Rifle magazine |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135251/https://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/lynx-94-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rößler (firearms manufacturer)|Rößler]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/titan-16-straight-pull-rifle |title=Titan 16 straight-pull rifle review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102024329/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/titan-16-straight-pull-rifle |url-status=live }}</ref> Strasser,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/shotgun/strasser-rs-solo |title=Strasser RS Solo review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102150455/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/shotgun/strasser-rs-solo |url-status=live }}</ref> and Steel Action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/06/07/german-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifles-steel-action/ |title=German Straight Pull Bolt Action Rifles by Steel Action – The Firearm BlogThe Firearm Blog |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030175810/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/06/07/german-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifles-steel-action/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the sport of [[biathlon]], because shooting speed is an important performance factor and semi-automatic guns are illegal for race use, straight pull bolt-actions are quite common, and are used almost exclusively on the [[Biathlon World Cup]]. The first company to make straight pull bolt-actions for [[.22 caliber]] was [[J. G. Anschütz]]; the action is specifically the straight-pull [[ball bearing]]-lock action, which features spring-loaded ball bearings on the side of the bolt which lock into a groove inside the bolt's housing. With the new design came a new dry-fire method; instead of the bolt being turned up slightly, the action is locked back to catch the firing pin.

====Pump-action====
[[File:Winchester 1897.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Winchester M1897]], one of the first successful pump-action shotgun designs]]
{{Main|Pump-action}}
In '''pump action''' firearms, a sliding grip at the fore-end beneath the barrel is manually operated by the user to eject and chamber cartridges. Pump actions are predominantly found in [[shotgun]]s.  Some examples of firearms using the pump-action are the [[Winchester Model 1912]], [[Remington 870]], and [[Mossberg 500]].

====Lever-action====
{{Main|Lever-action}}
The '''lever-action''' firearms, a [[mechanical linkage|linked]] lever is manually operated to eject and chamber cartridges. Some examples of firearms using lever-action are the [[Henry rifle|Henry Model 1860]], [[Winchester Model 1876]], and [[Marlin Model 1894]].

====Bolt release====
The '''bolt release''' or '''lever release''' action<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/southern-gun-co-lr9|title=Southern Gun Co LR9|last=Gun Mart TV|date=15 December 2016|publisher=Aceville Magazines Ltd.|via=Gunmart.net|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014184255/http://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/southern-gun-co-lr9|url-status=live}}</ref> is a hybrid repeating action that uses the physical manipulation of a bolt release lever/button to complete the cartridge chambering process. However, unlike the lever action (which demands the shooter's hand to actually provide the force needed for cycling the action), bolt release firearms eject the used cartridge automatically without involving the lever, usually via [[Blowback (firearms)|blowback]] or [[gas operation]], and often uses a spring-assisted mechanism to chamber the next round. However, after moving rearwards the [[bolt (firearms)|bolt]] is stopped by a bolt catch and will not move back into battery position and chamber the new round, until the user manually disengages the catch by depressing a release lever/button.  Due to the fact that the action can not complete its loading cycle without manual input from the user, it is technically a manually operated action rather than a self-loading one.

Whilst the basic principle can be traced back to other self-ejecting rifles, such as the single-shot [[H&R Firearms|Harrington & Richardson]] Model 755 rifle, this action has since been popularized in the United Kingdom by Southern Gun Company, who manufacture with "Manually Actuated Release System" (MARS) action rifles/[[pistol-caliber carbine]]s in [[.223 Remington|.223]], [[.308 Winchester|.308]], [[9mm Parabellum|9mm]] and [[.45 ACP]] calibers,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Gun Company Example Gun Builds|url=http://www.southern-gun.co.uk/example-gun-build/#9mmlr|publisher=Southern Gun Company|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002212548/http://www.southern-gun.co.uk/example-gun-build#9mmlr|url-status=live}}</ref> as the interrupted mechanism complies with [[Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988|The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988]] which bans possession of self-loading [[Centerfire ammunition|centrefire]] rifles.  The French company [[Verney-Carron]] makes and exports the ''Speedline'' hunting rifle and the ''Véloce'' shotgun, which has caused some [[moral panic|moral concern]] in the [[mainstream media]] in Australia due to lobbying by the [[Australian Greens|Greens]] and anti-gun groups such as [[Gun Control Australia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-30/push-to-import-rapid-fire-shotgun-to-australia-sparks-concerns/9807790|title=Push to import new 'rapid-fire' shotgun into Australia sparks concerns|last=Carbonell|first=Rachel|date=2018-05-30|work=ABC News|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190519/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-30/push-to-import-rapid-fire-shotgun-to-australia-sparks-concerns/9807790|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[David Shoebridge]] quoting the term "semi-semi-automatic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davidshoebridge.org.au/2018/06/08/media-release-new-semi-semi-automatic-firearms-fresh-risk-to-public-safety/|title=New "semi-semi-automatic" firearms fresh risk to public safety|publisher=David Shoebridge – Media Release|date=2018-06-08|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029102529/https://davidshoebridge.org.au/2018/06/08/media-release-new-semi-semi-automatic-firearms-fresh-risk-to-public-safety/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Similarly, [[Savage Arms]] has introduced the A17R and A22R rimfire rifles (both modified from its new A-series rifles, with a bolt release lever in front of the [[trigger guard]]), aiming at the Australian market, but law enforcement agencies such as the [[Northern Territory Police]] has attempted to unilaterally defining these rifles as "linear repeating firearms with assisted ejection" and reclassify them as [[semi-automatic rifle|semi-automatic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.katherinetimes.com.au/story/6515904/new-firearm-laws-catch-owners-by-surprise/|title=New firearm laws catch owners by surprise|last=McLennan|first=hris|date=2019-11-28|publisher=Katherine Times|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022010139/https://www.katherinetimes.com.au/story/6515904/new-firearm-laws-catch-owners-by-surprise/|url-status=live}}</ref> and hence prohibited without at least a Category C license, which is off-limit to most urban and rural residents who do not own farms.  In 2020, [[Česká zbrojovka firearms|CZ]] also introduced CZ 515, a bolt-release modified version of the CZ 512, to the Australian market via its importer [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester Australia]].  The Turkish manufacturer Pardus Arms also produces the [[12-gauge shotgun|12 gauge]]-caliber BRS17 shotgun, which uses a bolt release button on the back of the [[receiver (firearm)|receiver]] to chamber rounds before firing.

====Other actions====
*'''[[Rotary cannon]]''': [[Gatling gun]], [[M134 Minigun]]
*'''[[Chain gun]]''': [[M230 chain gun|Hughes Chain Gun]], [[Guycot chain rifle|Guycot Chain Rifle]], [[Treeby chain gun]]
*'''[[Kalthoff repeater]]'''
*'''[[Cookson repeater]]'''
*'''[[Belton flintlock]]'''
*'''[[The Jennings Magazine Rifle]]'''
*'''[[Meigs Sliding Guard Action Repeater]]'''
*'''[[Roper repeater]]'''
*'''[[The Orvill Robinson Model 2]] rifle:''' Orvill Robinson, a New York-based firearms designer, developed two rifles. His first, patented in 1870 and commonly referred to by collectors as the "Model 1" though it has no official designation, was a precursor to straight pull bolt-actions like the Mannlicher M1886. The second rifle designed by Robinson, patented in 1872, was very different, employing a double hinged action that folded upward from the receiver to remove the spent casing and back down and forward to chamber a new round. Though hammer-fired, it is recognizable as a manually actuated ancestor of the toggle action found in firearms such as the Luger Parabellum 1908 pistol or Pedersen Rifle.
*'''[[Krag–Petersson|Krag-Petersson Rifle]]''' Though frequently classified as only single-shot firearms, one tilting block rifle usually falls under the category of repeating firearms. The user, upon ejecting a round from the chamber, would load a round from the underbarrel magazine onto the loading surface of the tilting block, then raise it to the mouth of the chamber where the user could then easily push it forward into the chamber. Though this would not meet most standards of "repeating" for most modern users, the classification has been in use historically.
*'''Remington-Rider Magazine Pistol''' has a manually-actuated rolling block action to pull a cartridge from a tubular magazine set below the barrel and simultaneously cock the firearm. The block was rolled back into battery, loading the cartridge into the chamber, by spring pressure while the hammer remained in the cocked position.
[[File:Nylon66.JPG|thumb|250px|Remington Nylon 66 .22 Rimfire semi-automatic rifle]]