Editing Abbasid Caliphate (section)

===Philosophy===
{{Main|Islamic philosophy|Early Islamic philosophy}}
{{Further |Logic in Islamic philosophy|Kalam|Avicennism|Averroism|Illuminationist philosophy|Transcendent Theosophy}}

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture".<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}</ref> Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Their works on [[Aristotle]] were a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of [[ijtihad]]. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into [[Christian philosophy]] during the Middle Ages, notably by [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasnau |first=Robert |date=2011 |title=The Islamic Scholar Who Gave Us Modern Philosophy |url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/novemberdecember/feature/the-islamic-scholar-who-gave-us-modern-philosophy |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=National Endowment for the Humanities |language=en}}</ref>

Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], and [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] and [[Neoplatonism]] with other ideas introduced through Islam, and [[Avicennism]] was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include [[al-Jahiz]], and [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen).