Editing 2010s (section)

====Democractisation and authoritarianism====
[[File:Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Xi Jinping]] became China's [[Paramount leader|leader]] [[President for Life|for life]] in 2018.]]
Countries which [[Democratisation|democratised]] fully or partially during the decade included [[Angola]], which reformed under [[João Lourenço]];<ref name="freedom2019">{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2019 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019/democracy-in-retreat |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215005216/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019/democracy-in-retreat |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Armenia]], which went through [[2018 Armenian revolution|a revolution]];<ref name="freedom2019" /><ref name="wpost">{{cite news |title=Three countries where democracy actually staged a comeback in 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/17/three-countries-where-democracy-actually-staged-comeback/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Ecuador]], which reformed under [[Lenín Moreno]];<ref name="freedom2019" /> [[Ethiopia]];<ref name="freedom2019" /><ref name="wpost"/> and [[Malaysia]], where the ruling party [[2018 Malaysian general election|lost the first election]] since independence.<ref name="freedom2019" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Did an election just cause Malaysian democratisation? |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/did-election-just-cause-malaysian-democratisation |publisher=The Lowy Institute}}</ref>

Long-term [[dictator]]s ousted from power included [[Muammar Gaddafi]] of [[Libya]] (after 42 years),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/the-big-picture/2018/11/death-gaddafi-181103124656506.html |title=The Death of Gaddafi |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120130827/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/the-big-picture/2018/11/death-gaddafi-181103124656506.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Robert Mugabe]] of [[Zimbabwe]] (37 years),<ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's army mounts a coup against Robert Mugabe |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/15/zimbabwes-army-mounts-a-coup-against-robert-mugabe |newspaper=The Economist |date=15 November 2017}}</ref> [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] of [[Yemen]] (33 years),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17177720 |title=Yemen president Saleh steps down |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> [[Omar al-Bashir]] of [[Sudan]] (30 years),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/profile-omar-al-bashir-sudan-longtime-ruler-190411083628141.html |title=Profile: Omar al-Bashir, Sudan's longtime ruler |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119130215/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/profile-omar-al-bashir-sudan-longtime-ruler-190411083628141.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hosni Mubarak]] of [[Egypt]] (29 years),<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Hosni Mubarak |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12301713 |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101033342/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12301713 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]] of [[Tunisia]] (23 years).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ben Ali: Tunisia's ousted ex-president dies in exile aged 83 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49752876 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920180205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49752876 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Arab Winter]] refers to the resurgence of [[authoritarianism]], [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarchies]] and [[Islamic extremism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bpr.berkeley.edu/2015/03/30/after-every-winter-comes-spring-tunisias-democratic-flowering/ |title=After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering – Berkeley Political Review |author=Yun Ru Phua |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Bpr.berkeley.edu |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729220649/https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2015/03/30/after-every-winter-comes-spring-tunisias-democratic-flowering/ |url-status=live}}</ref> evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in [[Arab world|Arab countries]].<ref>Ahmed H Adam and Ashley D Robinson. ''Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan?''. Al-Jazeera. 11 June 2016. [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/arab-winter-spring-sudan-160531082228922.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208195234/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/arab-winter-spring-sudan-160531082228922.html|date=8 February 2018}} "The Arab Spring that swept across the Middle East and succeeded in overthrowing three dictatorships in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya in 2011 was a pivotal point in the history of nations. Despite the subsequent descent into the 'Arab Winter', the peaceful protests of young people were heroic..."</ref> The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across [[Arab League]] countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the [[Syrian Civil War]],<ref name="Fear and Faith in Paradise">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__lUxmzAZ08C&pg=PA296 |title=Fear and Faith in Paradise |last1=Karber |first1=Phil |date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-1479-8 |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923083405/https://books.google.com/books?id=__lUxmzAZ08C&pg=PA296 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arab Winter">{{cite web |url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/culture/arab-winter |title=Arab Winter |date=28 December 2012 |work=America Staging |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026051005/http://americamagazine.org/issue/culture/arab-winter |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)|Iraqi insurgency]] and the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|following civil war]],<ref name="The Jerusalem Post">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Analysis-Arab-Winter-is-coming-to-Baghdad-359348 |title=Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714211712/https://www.jpost.com//Middle-East/Analysis-Arab-Winter-is-coming-to-Baghdad-359348 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)|Egyptian Crisis]],<ref name="euronews">{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/08/egypt-and-tunisia-s-new-arab-winter/ |title=Egypt and Tunisia's new 'Arab winter' |date=8 February 2013 |work=Euro news |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629014655/https://www.euronews.com/2013/02/08/egypt-and-tunisia-s-new-arab-winter |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Libyan crisis (2011–present)|Libyan crisis]] and the [[Yemeni crisis|crisis in Yemen]].<ref name="Yemen's Arab winter">{{cite news |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-s-arab-winter-1470341500 |title=Yemen's Arab winter |work=Middle East Eye |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930115643/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-s-arab-winter-1470341500 |url-status=live}}</ref> Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in [[Egypt]] that led to the removal of [[Mohamed Morsi]] and the seizure of power by General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] in an anti-[[Muslim Brotherhood]] campaign.<ref name="euronews.com">{{Citation |title=Egypt & Tunisia's new Arab winter |date=8 February 2013 |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/08/egypt-and-tunisia-s-new-arab-winter/ |newspaper=Euro news |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629014655/https://www.euronews.com/2013/02/08/egypt-and-tunisia-s-new-arab-winter |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Democratic backsliding]] also occurred in countries such as [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What's Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/world/europe/hungary-orban-democracy-far-right.html |work=The New York Times |date=10 February 2018 |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914133730/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/world/europe/hungary-orban-democracy-far-right.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Venezuela]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Final Blow to Venezuela's Democracy |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/venezuela/2016-11-01/final-blow-venezuelas-democracy |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=14 August 2019 |last1=Sabatini |first1=Christopher |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184836/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/venezuela/2016-11-01/final-blow-venezuelas-democracy |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tansel |first1=Cemal Burak |title=Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Democratic Backsliding in Turkey: Beyond the Narratives of Progress |journal=South European Society and Politics |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1080/13608746.2018.1479945 |doi-access=free |issn=1360-8746}}</ref>

In 2018, [[China]]'s [[National People's Congress]] approved a [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|constitutional change]] that removed [[term limits]] for its [[List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China|leaders]], granting [[Xi Jinping]] the status of "[[President for life|leader for life]]". Xi is the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] ([[paramount leader|de facto leader]]).