Editing Poet laureate (section)

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Main|Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom}}

===== England =====
[[File:Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer (4671380) (cropped) 02.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer of England]]
In England, the term "poet laureate" is restricted to the official office of Poet Laureate, attached to the royal household. However, no authoritative historical record exists of the office of Poet Laureate of [[England]].

The office developed from earlier practice when [[minstrel]]s and [[poetaster|versifier]]s were members of the king's retinue. [[Richard I of England|Richard Cœur-de-Lion]] had a ''[[versificator regis]]'' (English: ''king's poet''), [[Gulielmus Peregrinus]] (William the Pilgrim), and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] had a ''versificator'' named Master Henry. In the fifteenth century, John Kay, a versifier, described himself as [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'s "humble poet laureate". According to ''Notes and Queries'' (1876), King [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] paid 10 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] a year to a ''versificator regis''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25m-T3rtqOsC |title=Notes and Queries |date=1876 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1340–1400) was called Poet Laureate, being granted in 1389 an annual allowance of wine. W. Hamilton describes [[Chaucer]], Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, [[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]], Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards and [[Samuel Daniel]] as "volunteer Laureates".

[[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]] studied at the [[University of Oxford]] in the early 1480s and was advanced to the degree of "poet laureate" in 1488, when he joined the court of King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] to tutor the future [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The title of ''laureate'' was also conferred on him by the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]] in 1492 and by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1492–3.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} He soon became famous for his [[rhetoric]], [[satire]] and [[translation]]s and was held in high esteem by the [[Printer (publisher)|printer]] [[William Caxton]], who wrote, in the [[preface]] to {{lang|enm|The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle}} ([[Modern English]]: ''The Book of the [[Aeneid]], compiled by [[Virgil]]'') (1490):
<blockquote>But I pray mayster John Skelton, late created poete laureate in the unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correct this sayd booke.</blockquote>

The academic use of the term laureate became associated again with royalty when King [[James I of England|James I]] created a pension for [[Ben Jonson]] in 1617, although there is no formal record extant. He was succeeded by [[William Davenant]].

The royal office Poet Laureate was officially conferred by [[letters patent]] on [[John Dryden]] in 1668, after Davenant's death, and the post became a regular institution. There are other, non-official, laureate titles, such as the commercially sponsored "[[Children's Laureate]]" for an "eminent writer or illustrator of children's books to celebrate outstanding achievement in their field",<ref>{{cite web |title=Children's Laureate |url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/what-we-do/childrens-laureate/ |access-date=May 4, 2019 |website=[[Book Trust]]}}</ref> and the Poetry Foundation's Young People's Poet Laureate.<ref name="yppl" />

===== Scotland =====
{{Main|Makar (National Poet for Scotland)}}
[[File:Edwin Morgan by Alex Boyd.jpg|thumb|Edwin Morgan, first Makar or National Poet for Scotland]]
[[Scotland]] has a long tradition of [[makar]]s and poetry. [[Iain Lom]], the [[Scottish Gaelic]] [[bard]], was appointed poet laureate in [[Scotland]] by [[King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland]] on his [[Stuart Restoration|restoration]] in 1660.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=John |title=Òrain Iain Luim: Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch |publisher=The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society |year=1964 |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=Annie |pages=xxxviii}}</ref> In 2004 the [[Scottish Parliament]] appointed Professor [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]] as the first Makar or National Poet for Scotland. On his death in January 2011 he was succeeded by [[Liz Lochhead]].<ref>{{cite news |date=January 19, 2011 |title=Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12227515 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Jackie Kay]] followed Lochhead as Makar in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |date=March 15, 2016 | title=Jackie Kay announced as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35810962 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and was then herself succeeded by [[Kathleen Jamie]], who became Scotland's fourth Makar in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathleen Jamie |url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/kathleen-jamie/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Scottish Poetry Library}}</ref> In 2024, [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] (Peter Mackay) became the fifth Makar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livingston |first=Eve |date=2024-12-03 |title='Scotland has always been multilingual': new Scottish makar Peter Mackay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/dec/03/scotland-has-always-been-multilingual-new-scottish-makar-peter-mackay |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> For cities, in 2014, Jim Carruth was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Carruth |url=https://poetryarchive.org/poet/jim-carruth/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Poetry Archive |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===== Wales =====
{{Main|National Poet for Wales}}
[[Wales]] has had a long tradition of poets and bards under royal patronage, with extant writing from [[Medieval Welsh literature|medieval royal poets]] and earlier. [[Gwalchmai ap Meilyr]] was the court poet of [[Owain Gwynedd]] during the 12th century. [[Y Prydydd Bychan]] was a medieval Welsh court poet in the 13th century.

The office of [[National Poet for Wales]] was established in April 2005. The first holder, [[Gwyneth Lewis]], was followed by [[Gwyn Thomas (poet)|Gwyn Thomas]]. The role of [[Bardd Plant Cymru]], the Welsh-language children's poet laureate was established in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://www.literaturewales.org/our-projects/bardd-plant-cymru/previous-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Literature Wales |language=en-US}}</ref> A corresponding English-language role, [[Children's Laureate Wales]] was established in 2019.<ref name="Libraries Wales">{{Cite web |title=Children's Laureate Wales & Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://libraries.wales/library-services-activities/children-families/childrens-laureate-wales-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Libraries Wales |language=en}}</ref>

===== Territories =====

====== British Virgin Islands ======
[[Richard Georges|Dr. Richard Georges]] became the inaugural Poet Laureate of the [[British Virgin Islands]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Richard Georges Is Territory's First Poet Laureate {{!}} Government of the Virgin Islands |url=https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/dr-richard-georges-territory-s-first-poet-laureate#:~:text=This%20announcement%20was%20made%20during,by%20the%20Department%20of%20Culture. |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=bvi.gov.vg}}</ref>

====== Cayman Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Cayman Islands]] include Roy Bodden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallego |first=Shanda |date=2024-05-28 |title=Poets move to the beats of freedom |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/05/28/poets-move-to-the-beats-of-freedom/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cayman Compass |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====== Falkland Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Falkland Islands]] include Ron Reeves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWV7AAAAMAAJ |title=Falkland People |date=1992 |publisher=P. Owen |isbn=978-0-7206-0850-2 |language=en}}</ref>

====== Isle of Man ======
Referred to as the Manx Bard, the individuals that have served in the position include Zoe Cannell, Michael Manning, Jordanne Kennaugh and Boakesey Closs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoe Cannell named 6th Manx Bard |url=https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/zoe-cannell-named-6th-manx-bard/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Manx Radio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting the new Manx Bard |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/meeting-the-new-manx-bard |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Manx bard to add to 'rich tapestry' of island's culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg3188z8lzo |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Biosphere Boakesey Closs |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/my-biosphere-boakesey-closs |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref>