Editing Zine (section)

== 1970s and punk ==
[[Punk zine]]s emerged as part of the [[punk subculture]] in the late 1970s, along with the increasing accessibility to copy machines, publishing software, and home printing technologies.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mattern|first=Shannon|year=2011|title=Click/Scan/Bold: The New Materiality of Architectural Discourse and Its Counter-Publics|journal=Design and Culture|volume=3|issue=3|pages=329–353|doi=10.2752/175470811X13071166525298|s2cid=191353038}}</ref> Punk became a genre for the working class because of the economic necessity to use creative DIY methods, which were echoed in both zine and Punk music creation. Zines became vital to the popularization and spread of punk spreading to countries outside the UK and America, such as Ireland, Indonesia, and more by 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loserdomzine.com/earlyirishfanzines.htm|title=Early Irish fanzines|website=Loserdomzine.com|access-date=16 August 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154345/http://www.loserdomzine.com/earlyirishfanzines.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iisg.amsterdam/en/collections|title=Collections &#124; IISG|website=iisg.amsterdam}}</ref> Amateur, fan-created zines played an important role in spreading information about different scenes (city or regional-based subcultures) and bands (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry's ''Sniffin Glue'' and Shane MacGowan's ''Bondage'') in the pre-Internet era. They typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters, and ads for records and labels.

The [[punk subculture]] in the United Kingdom spearheaded a surge of interest in fanzines as a countercultural alternative to established print media.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} The first and still best known UK 'punk zine' was ''[[Sniffin' Glue]]'', produced by [[Deptford, London|Deptford]] punk fan [[Mark Perry (musician)|Mark Perry]] which ran for 12 photocopied issues; the first issue produced by Perry immediately following (and in response to) the London debut of [[the Ramones]] on 4 July 1976.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Other UK fanzines included ''[[Blam! (fanzine)|Blam!]]'', ''[[Bombsite (fanzine)|Bombsite]]'', ''Burnt Offering'', ''[[Chainsaw (punk zine)|Chainsaw]]'', ''[[New Crimes]]'', ''[[Vague (fanzine)|Vague]]'', ''[[Jamming (fanzine)|Jamming]]'', [[Artcore Fanzine]], ''[[Love and Molotov Cocktails]]'', ''[[To Hell With Poverty]]'', ''[[New Youth (fanzine)|New Youth]]'', ''[[Peroxide (punk zine)|Peroxide]]'', ''[[ENZK]]'', ''[[Juniper beri-beri]]'', ''[[No Cure]]'',''[[Communication Blur]]'', ''[[Rox (fanzine)|Rox]]'', ''[[Grim Humour]]'', ''[[Spuno]]'', ''[[Cool Notes]]'' and ''[[Fumes (magazine)|Fumes]]''. [[File:UK_and_US_zines.jpg|thumb|UK and US zines]]By 1990, ''[[Maximum Rocknroll]]'' "had become the de facto bible of the scene, presenting a "passionate yet dogmatic view" of what [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]] was supposed to be."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/with-zines-the-90s-punk-scene-had-a-living-history-1798241222|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131101201643/http://mobile.avclub.com/articles/with-zines-the-90s-punk-scene-had-a-living-history,104206/?mobile=true|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-11-01|title=With zines, the '90s punk scene had a living history|last=Heller|first=Jason|website=archive.today}}</ref> ''HeartattaCk'' and ''[[Profane Existence]]'' took the DIY lifestyle to a religious level for [[emo]] and [[post-hardcore]] and [[crust punk]] culture. ''[[Slug and Lettuce (fanzine)|Slug and Lettuce]]'' started at the state college of PA and became an international 10,000 copy production – all for free.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slugandlettuce.net|title=Slug and Lettuce|website=Slug and Lettuce}}</ref> In Canada, the zine ''Standard Issue'' chronicles the Ottawa hardcore scene. The Bay Area zine ''[[Cometbus]]'' was first created at Berkeley by the zinester and musician [[Aaron Cometbus]]. ''Gearhead Nation'' was a monthly punk freesheet that lasted from the early 1990s to 1997 in [[Dublin|Dublin, Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zinewiki.com/Gearhead_Nation|title=Gearhead Nation|website=Zine Wiki|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702233537/http://zinewiki.com/Gearhead_Nation|archive-date=July 2, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some hardcore punk zines became available online such as the e-zine chronicling the [[Australian hardcore]] scene, ''RestAssured.'' In Italy, ''Mazquerade'' ran from 1979 to 1981 and Raw Art Fanzine ran from 1995 to 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perugiamusica.com/RIVISTE/MAZQUERADE/mazquerade.html|title=Perugiamusica.com|website=perugiamusica.com|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303123957/http://www.perugiamusica.com/RIVISTE/MAZQUERADE/mazquerade.html|archive-date=March 3, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truemetal.it/news/raw-art-fanzine-restauro-digitale-e-disponibilita-dei-numeri-degli-anni-90-89535|title=Raw Art Fanzine: restauro digitale e disponibilità dei numeri degli anni '90|website=truemetal.it|date=26 May 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref>

In the US, ''[[Flipside (fanzine)|Flipside]]'' (created by Al Kowalewski, Pooch (Patrick DiPuccio), Larry Lash (Steven Shoemaker), Tory, X-8 (Sam Diaz)) and ''[[Slash (fanzine)|Slash]]'' (created by Steve Samioff and Claude Bessy) were important punk zines for the Los Angeles scene, both debuting in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hannon|first=Sharon M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CrUGq8t77kC&q=flipside+&pg=PA40|title=Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36456-3|language=en}}</ref> In 1977 in Australia, [[Bruce Milne]] and [[Clinton Walker]] fused their respective punk zines ''Plastered Press'' and ''Suicide Alley'' to launch ''Pulp''; Milne later went on to invent the cassette zine with ''Fast Forward'', in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://messandnoise.com/features/4331535|title=Fast Forward: A Pre-Internet Story|date=September 18, 2011|website=messandnoise.com|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052629/http://messandnoise.com/features/4331535|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonwalker.com.au/fanzines-1970s.html|title=Fanzines (1970s)|website=Clinton Walker|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> In the American Midwest, a zine called Touch and Go described the area's hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983. We Got Power described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and included show reviews and band interviews with groups including [[D.O.A. (band)|DOA]], the [[Misfits (band)|Misfits]], [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], [[Suicidal Tendencies]], and the [[Circle Jerks]]. My Rules was a photo zine that included photos of hardcore shows from across the US an in Effect, launched in 1988 described the New York City punk scene. Among later titles, ''[[Maximum RocknRoll]]'' is a major punk zine, with over 300 issues published. As a result, in part, of the popular and commercial resurgence of punk in the late 1980s, and after, with the growing popularity of such bands as [[Sonic Youth]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Fugazi (band)|Fugazi]], [[Bikini Kill]], [[Green Day]] and [[the Offspring]], a number of other punk zines have appeared, such as ''[[Dagger zine|Dagger]]'', ''[[Profane Existence]]'', ''[[Punk Planet]]'', ''[[Razorcake]]'', ''[[Slug and Lettuce (fanzine)|Slug and Lettuce]]'', ''[[Sobriquet (magazine)|Sobriquet]]'' and ''[[Tail Spins]]''. The early American punk zine ''[[RE/Search|Search and Destroy]]'' eventually became the influential fringe-cultural magazine ''[[Re/Search]]''.

"In the post-punk era several well-written fanzines emerged that cast an almost academic look at earlier, neglected musical forms, including Mike Stax' ''[[Ugly Things]]'', Billy Miller and [[Miriam Linna]]'s ''Kicks'', Jake Austen's ''[[Roctober (fanzine)|Roctober]]'', Kim Cooper's ''[[Scram (fanzine)|Scram]]'', P. Edwin Letcher's ''[[Garage & Beat]]'', and the UK's [[Shindig! (magazine)|Shindig!]] and Italy's ''[[Misty Lane]]''."{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Mark Wilkins, the promotion director for 1982 onwards US punk/thrash label [[Mystic Records]], had over 450 US fanzines and 150 foreign fanzines he promoted to regularly. He and Mystic Records owner Doug Moody edited ''The Mystic News Newsletter'' which was published quarterly and went into every promo package to fanzines. Wilkins also published the highly successful Los Angeles punk humor zine ''Wild Times'' and when he ran out of funding for the zine syndicated some of the humorous material to over 100 US fanzines under the name of Mystic Mark.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}