Editing Xiongnu (section)

==== Northern Xiongnu ====
The rump kingdom under Punu, around the [[Orkhon Valley|Orkhon]] (modern north central Mongolia) became known as the '''Northern Xiongnu''', with Punu, becoming known as the [[Northern Chanyu]]. In 49 AD, the Northern Xiongnu was dealt a heavy defeat to the Southern Xiongnu. That same year, Zhai Tong, a Han governor of [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]] also enticed the [[Wuhuan]] and [[Xianbei]] into attacking the Northern Xiongnu.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/39 39]}} Soon, Punu began sending envoys on several separate occasions to negotiate peace with the Han dynasty, but made little to no progress.

In the 60s, the Northern Xiongnu resumed hostilities as they attempted to expand their influence into the [[Western Regions]] and launched raids on the Han borders. In 73, the Han responded by sending [[Dou Gu]] and Geng Chong to lead a [[Battle of Yiwulu|great expedition]] against the Northern Xiongnu in the [[Tarim Basin]]. The expedition, which saw the exploits of the famed general, [[Ban Chao]], was initially successful, but the Han had to temporarily withdraw in 75 due to matters back home. Ban Chao remained behind and maintained Chinese influence over the Western Regions before his death in 102.''<ref name=":0" />''{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/42 42–47]}}

For the next decade, the Northern Xiongnu had to endure famines largely due to locust plagues. In 87, they suffered a major defeat to the Xianbei, who killed their chanyu [[Youliu]] and took his skin as a trophy. With the Northern Xiongnu in disarray, the Han general, [[Dou Xian]] launched an expedition and crushed them at the [[Battle of the Altai Mountains]] in 89. After another Han attack in 91, the [[Northern Chanyu|Northern ''Chanyu'']] fled with his followers to the northwest, and was not seen again, while those that remained behind surrendered to the Han.''<ref name=":0" />''

In 94, dissatisfied with the newly appointed ''chanyu'', the surrendered Northern Xiongnu rebelled and acclaimed Fenghou as their chanyu, who led them to flee outside the border. However, the separatist regime continued to face famines and the growing threat of the Xianbei, prompting 10,000 of them to return to Han in 96. Fenghou later sent envoys to Han intending to submit as a vassal but was rejected. The Northern Xiongnu were scattered, with most of them being absorbed by the Xianbei. In 118, a defeated Fenghou brought around 100 followers to surrender to Han.''<ref name=":0" />''

Remnants of the Northern Xiongnu held out in the Tarim Basin as they allied themselves with the [[Jushi Kingdom|Nearer Jushi Kingdom]] and captured [[Hami|Yiwu]] in 119. By 126, they were subjugated by the Han general, [[Ban Yong]], while a branch led by a "Huyan King" continued to resist. The Huyan King was last mentioned in 151 when he launched an attack on Yiwu but was driven away by Han forces. According to the fifth-century ''[[Book of Wei]]'', the remnants of Northern ''Chanyu''<nowiki/>'s tribe settled as [[Yueban]], near [[Kucha]] and subjugated the [[Wusun]]; while the rest fled across the [[Altai Mountains]] towards [[Kangju]] in [[Transoxania]]. It states that this group later became the [[Hephthalites]].<ref>''Book of Wei'' [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7102 Vol. 102] (in Chinese)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gumilev L.N. |title=История народа Хунну |trans-title=History of Hun People |place=Moscow |chapter-url=http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph15.htm |chapter=Ch. 15 |language=ru |url=http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629204641/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/ |archive-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyun Jim Kim |title=The Huns |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34090-4 |chapter=2 The So-called 'Two-Hundred year Interlude'}}</ref>

[[File:Asia 200ad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the [[Han dynasty]].]]