Editing Winter Olympic Games (section)

===Doping===
In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.<ref>Yesalis (2000), p. 57</ref> The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was [[Alois Schloder]], a [[West Germany at the 1972 Winter Olympics|West German]] hockey player,<ref name="OR1972">{{cite book|title=The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972|publisher=The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games|year=1973|page=386|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|access-date=22 March 2009|archive-date=26 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|url-status=dead }}</ref> but his team was still allowed to compete.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sports, Drugs, and the Cold War|last=Hunt|first=Thomas M.|journal=Olympika, International Journal of Olympic Studie|publisher=International Centre for Olympic Studies|volume=16|issue=1|year=2007|page=22|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf|access-date=23 March 2009|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105856/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.<ref name=Mottram>Mottram (2003), p. 313</ref> The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.<ref>Mottram (2003), p. 310</ref> The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) in November 1999.<ref>Yesalis (2000), p. 366</ref><ref name=wada>{{cite web|title=A Brief history of anti-doping|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816090310/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|url-status=dead }}</ref>

The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of [[blood doping]], the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as [[Erythropoietin]] (EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.<ref name=torinodoping>{{cite news|title=Looking for Doping Evidence, Italian Police Raid Austrians|last=Macur|first=Juliet|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/sports/olympics/19drug.html|access-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> The Italian police conducted a raid on the [[Austria at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Austrian]] cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.<ref name=hearings>{{cite news|title=IOC to hold first hearings on doping during 2006 Winter Olympics|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=9 February 2007|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/winter/2007-02-09-2006-games-doping_x.htm|access-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of [[hemoglobin|haemoglobin]], which is evidence of blood doping.<ref name=torinodoping/>

The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 (later increased to 46) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with.<ref name=SochiDoping>{{cite news|title=I.O.C. Starts Proceedings Against 28 Russian Athletes Over Sochi Doping|work=The New York Times|date=23 December 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/sports/olympics/russia-doping-international-olympic-committee.html|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=NYT160512>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia-doping-sochi-olympics-2014.html|title=Russian Insider Says State-Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold|first1=Rebecca R.|last1=Ruiz|first2=Michael|last2= Schwirtz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="nyt2">{{cite news|title=Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper-Proof Bottle |first1=Rebecca R.|last1=Ruiz|first2=Michael|last2=Schwirtz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 May 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia-doping-sochi-olympics-2014.html?_r=0|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=GN150601>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/01/wada-world-anti-doping-russia-olympics-games-sochi-david-howman|title=New doping report will influence decision on Russia's place at Olympics|first=Owen|last=Gibson|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian-upheld">{{cite news|title=Russian athletics: IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/17/russia-rio-olympics-ban-doping-iaaf-sebastian-coe|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=17 June 2016|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>