Editing Virtue (section)

===Abrahamic religions===
====Bahá'í Faith====
{{Expand section|date=September 2020}}
The [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] teachings speak of a "Greater [[Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh|Covenant]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Balyuzi |first=Hasan |author-link=Hasan M. Balyuzi |year=2001 |title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh |edition=Paperback |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-043-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly }}</ref> being universal and endless, and a "Lesser Covenant" specific to each religion. Baháʼís view [[Baháʼu'lláh]]'s revelation as a binding lesser covenant for his followers. In the [[Baháʼí writings]] being firm in the covenant is considered a virtue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=1995 |title=The Covenant and Covenant-breaker |access-date=14 June 2006 |url=http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_covenant#3.%20The%20Lesser%20Covenant }}</ref>

====Christianity====
[[File:Stiftskirche Niederhaslach Glasfenster (Kampf der Tugenden mit dem Laster).jpg|thumb|upright|Virtues fighting vices, stained glass window (14th century) in the [[Niederhaslach Church]]]]
{{main|Christian ethics#Virtues and principles}}
{{See also|Seven virtues|Evangelical counsels|Catalogue of Vices and Virtues|Tree of virtues and tree of vices}}
In [[Christianity]], the three [[theological virtues]] are [[Faith in Christianity|faith]], [[Hope (virtue)|hope]], and [[Agape|love]], a list which comes from {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|13:13}} ({{lang|grc|νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις}} {{transliteration|grc|pistis}} (faith), {{lang|grc|ἐλπίς}} {{transliteration|grc|elpis}} (hope), {{lang|grc|ἀγάπη}} {{transliteration|grc|agape}} (love), {{lang|grc|τὰ τρία ταῦτα· μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη}}). The same chapter describes love as the greatest of the three, and further defines love as "patient... kind... not envious, or boastful, or arrogant, or rude." (The Christian virtue of love is sometimes called [[Charity (virtue)|charity]] and at other times a Greek word {{transliteration|grc|[[agape]]}} is used to contrast the love of God and the love of humankind from other types of love such as friendship or physical affection.)

Christian scholars frequently add the four classic [[cardinal virtues]] (prudence, justice, temperance, and courage) to the theological virtues to give the [[Seven Heavenly Virtues|seven heavenly virtues]]; for example, these seven are the ones described in the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', sections 1803–1829. In Christian tradition courage or fortitude is a gift of the Holy Spirit. 

In {{CE|410}}, [[Prudentius|Aurelius Prudentius Clemens]] listed seven "heavenly virtues" in his book ''[[Psychomachia]]'' (''Battle of Souls'') which is an allegorical story of conflict between vices and virtues. Among the virtues were {{lang|la|fides}} (faith), {{lang|la|pudicitia}} (chastity), {{lang|la|paciencia}} (endurance), {{lang|la|mens humilis}} (humility), {{lang|la|spes}} (hope), {{lang|la|sobrietas}} (sobriety), {{lang|la|ratio}} (reason), {{lang|la|operatio}} (devotion), {{lang|la|pax}} (peace), {{lang|la|concordia}} (harmony), and {{lang|la|sapientia}} (wisdom).<ref>{{cite book|title=Allegories of the Virtues and Vices in Mediaeval Art|first=Adolf|last=Katzenellenbogen|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|year=1964|translator-first=Alan J.P.|translator-last=Crick|orig-year=1939|pages=1–2|url=https://archive.org/details/allegoriesofvirt0000katz}}</ref>

The medieval and renaissance periods saw a number of models of sin, listing the [[seven deadly sins]] and the [[Seven Capital Virtues|seven capital virtues]] opposed to each.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Vice
!Latin
!Virtue
!Latin
|-
|[[Pride]]
|{{lang|la|Superbia}}
|[[Humility]]
|{{lang|la|Humilitas}}
|-
|[[Envy]]
|{{lang|la|Invidia}}
|[[Kindness]]
|{{lang|la|Benevolentia}}
|-
|[[Gluttony]]
|{{lang|la|Gula}}
|[[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]
|{{lang|la|Temperantia}}
|-
|[[Lust]]
|{{lang|la|Luxuria}}
|[[Chastity]]
|{{lang|la|Castitas}}
|-
|[[Wrath]]
|{{lang|la|Ira}}
|[[Patience]]
|{{lang|la|Patientia}}
|-
|[[Greed]]
|{{lang|la|Avaritia}}
|[[Charity (virtue)|Charity]]
|{{lang|la|Caritas}}
|-
|[[Sloth (deadly sin)|Sloth]]
|{{lang|la|Acedia}}
|[[Diligence]]
|{{lang|la|Industria}}
|}

====Islam====
{{main|Islamic ethics|Thawab}}
In Islam, the [[Quran]] is believed to be the literal word of God, and the definitive description of virtue, and [[Muhammad]] is considered an ideal example of virtue in human form. The foundation of Islamic understanding of virtue was the understanding and interpretation of the Quran and the practices of Muhammad. Virtue is seen in the context of active submission to God performed by the community in unison.

Believers are to "[[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|enjoin that which is virtuous and forbid that which is vicious]]" ({{transliteration|ar|al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar}}) in all spheres of life ([[Quran 3:110]]). Muslims teach that mankind has been [[Fitra|granted the faculty to discern]] God's will and to abide by it.

Later [[Muslim scholars]] expanded the religious ethics of the scriptures in detail.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Bearman |editor-first1=P.J. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |date=2009 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] |publisher=Brill Publishers |issn=1573-3912 |chapter=Akhlaq}}</ref>

In the [[Hadith]] (Islamic traditions), it is reported by An-Nawwas bin Sam'an:
{{blockquote|"The Prophet Muhammad said, 'Virtue is good manner, and sin is that which creates doubt and you do not like people to know it.'"|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|32|6195}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|32|6196}}}}

Wabisah bin Ma'bad reported:
{{blockquote|"I went to Messenger of God and he asked me: 'Have you come to inquire about virtue?' I replied in the affirmative. Then he said: 'Ask your heart regarding it. Virtue is that which contents the soul and comforts the heart, and sin is that which causes doubts and perturbs the heart, even if people pronounce it lawful and give you verdicts on such matters again and again.'"|''[[Sunan al-Darimi]]'', 2533}}

Virtue, as seen in opposition to sin, is termed {{transliteration|ar|[[Thawab|thawāb]]}} (spiritual merit or reward) but there are other Islamic terms to describe virtue such as {{transliteration|ar|faḍl}} ("bounty"), {{transliteration|ar|[[taqwa]]}} ("piety"), and {{transliteration|ar|ṣalāḥ}} ("righteousness"). According to Muslim beliefs, God will forgive individual sins but the bad treatment of people and injustice toward others can only be pardoned by the victims and not by God.

====Judaism====
{{main|Jewish ethics}}
Loving God and obeying his laws, in particular the [[Ten Commandments]], are central to Jewish conceptions of virtue. Wisdom is personified in the first eight chapters of the [[Book of Proverbs]] and is not only the source of virtue but is depicted as the first and best creation of God ({{Bibleverse|Proverbs|8:12–31}}).

A classic articulation of the Golden Rule came from the first century [[Hillel the Elder|Rabbi Hillel the Elder]]. Renowned in the Jewish tradition, he is associated with the development of the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]] and, as such, is one of the most important figures in [[Jewish history]]. Asked for a summary of the Jewish religion in the most concise terms, Hillel replied (reputedly while standing on one leg): "That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah. The rest is commentary; go and learn."<ref>[[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]], tractate Shabbat 31a. See also the [[ethic of reciprocity]] or "The [[Ethic of reciprocity|Golden rule]]."</ref>