Editing Veganism (section)

===History of alternative food movements===
Wheat gluten, originally called ''[[Seitan|miànjīn]]'' (麵筋), is a preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century and continues to be used today. It is widely used as a meat substitute by both monastic and lay [[Pure Land Buddhism|Chinese Buddhists]]. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the ''[[Qimin Yaoshu]]'', a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and civilisation in China |last2=Huang |first2=Hsing-Tsung |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-65270-4 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> This encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called ''bótuō'' (餺飥). Wheat gluten was known as ''miànjīn'' (麵筋) by the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Food in time and place: the American Historical Association companion to food history |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27745-8 |editor-last=Freedman |editor-first=Paul |location=Oakland, California |editor-last2=Chaplin |editor-first2=Joyce E. |editor-last3=Albala |editor-first3=Ken}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |last2=Huang |first2=H.T. |editor-last=Aoyagi |editor-first=Akiko |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, Including Manchuria, Hong Kong and Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTHfAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=978-1-928914-68-6 |oclc=965823124}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture in the United States]] that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening.<ref name=VA>Iacobbo, Karen and Michael Iacobbo. "Chapter 9: Peace, Love, and Vegetarianism: The Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s", In ''Vegetarian America: A History''. Westport: Praeger, 2004.</ref><ref>Andrew F. Smith, ''Eating History'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197 197]; Wright 2015, 34.</ref> One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was [[Frances Moore Lappé]]'s 1971 ''[[Diet for a Small Planet]]''.<ref name="npr16">{{cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=Allison |title=If You Think Eating Is A Political Act, Say Thanks To Frances Moore Lappe |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/22/494984095/70s-food-movement-promoted-benefits-of-plant-based-diet |work=NPR |date=22 September 2016 }}</ref> It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain".<ref>[[Frances Moore Lappé]], ''Diet for a Small Planet: How to Enjoy a Rich Protein Harvest by Getting Off the Top of the Food Chain'', Friends of the Earth/Ballantine, 1971; Smith 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197 197].</ref>

The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including [[Dean Ornish]], [[Caldwell Esselstyn]], [[Neal D. Barnard]], [[John A. McDougall]], [[Michael Greger]], and [[biochemist]] [[T. Colin Campbell]], who argued that diets based on [[animal fat]] and animal protein, such as the [[Western pattern diet]], were unhealthy.<ref>For health professionals' interest in vegetarian diets in the last quarter of the 20th century: Donna Maurer, ''Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment?'', Temple University Press, 2002, 23; for Ornish and Barnard, 99–101.{{pb}}
For McDougall: Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, ''Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, 75.{{pb}}
For Ornish, Campbell, Esselstyn, Barnard, and Greger: [[Kathy Freston]], ''Veganist'', Weinstein Publishing, 2011. Ornish, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA21 21]; Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA41 41]; Esselstyn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA57 57]; Barnard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA73 73]; Greger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA109 109].</ref> They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's ''The McDougall Plan'' (1983), [[John Robbins (author)|John Robbins]]'s ''[[Diet for a New America]]'' (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and ''Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease'' (1990).<ref>For McDougall Plan: Iacobbo and Iacobbo 2006, 75; for Robbins: Wright 2015, 35, and
Preece 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA327 327]; for Ornish: Maurer 2002, 99–101.</ref> In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabaté |first1=Joan |title=The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift? |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=September 2003 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=502S–507S |doi=10.1093/ajcn/78.3.502S |pmid=12936940 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=American Dietetic Association |author2=Dietitians of Canada |title=Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date=June 2003 |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=748–765 |doi=10.1053/jada.2003.50142 |pmid=12778049 |citeseerx=10.1.1.739.2592 }}</ref> This was followed by the film ''[[Earthlings (film)|Earthlings]]'' (2005), Campbell's ''[[The China Study]]'' (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's ''[[Skinny Bitch]]'' (2005), [[Jonathan Safran Foer]]'s ''[[Eating Animals]]'' (2009), and the film ''[[Forks Over Knives]]'' (2011).<ref>For Freedman and Barnouin: Wright 2015, 104; for ''Earthlings'': Wright 2015, 149.{{pb}}
For Campbell and Esselstyn: {{Cite web|url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/|title=Gupta: Becoming heart attack proof|last=Gupta|first=Sanjay|author-link=Sanjay Gupta|date=25 August 2011|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220402/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{pb}}
For ''Eating Animals'': {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html|title=Book Review: ''Eating Animals'' by Jonathan Safran Foer|last=Yonan|first=Joe|date=22 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220800/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{pb}}
For Esselystyn and ''Forks Over Knives'': {{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/|title=The 'heart attack proof' diet?|last=Martin|first=David S.|date=25 November 2011|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312221202/http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

In the 1980s, veganism became associated with [[punk subculture]] and [[Punk ideologies|ideologies]], particularly [[straight edge]] [[hardcore punk]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haenfler|first=Ross|title=Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change|url=https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3851-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179/page/n65 53], 427–8}}</ref> and [[anarcho-punk]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tilbürger|first1=Len|last2=Kale|first2=Chris P.|year=2014|title='Nailing Descartes to the Wall': animal rights, veganism and punk culture|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|url-status=live|type=[[Zine]]|publisher=Active Distribution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223555/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|archive-date=12 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref> This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as [[Fluff Fest]] in Europe.<ref name="sober">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726044944/https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2020|title=Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics|page=137|last=Kuhn|first=Gabriel|publisher=PM Press|date=2010|isbn=978-1-60486-051-1|author-link=Gabriel Kuhn|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="bandcamp">{{Cite web|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|title=The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene|last=Sanna|first=Jacopo|date=20 September 2017|publisher=[[Bandcamp]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223729/https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=Every year, at the end of July, the small and grassy airport of Rokycany, a small Czech town a few miles east of Plzeň, fills with people for a gathering called Fluff Fest. Attendance is a summer ritual for many European fans of punk, hardcore, crust, and screamo. Featuring more than a hundred bands, tons of vegan food, a fanzine library, and various workshops, Fluff Fest has established itself as the main DIY hardcore punk event in Europe, growing every year since its inaugural edition in 2000.}}</ref>