Editing Vamana (section)

=== Yajur Veda ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="6" |[[Yajurveda|Yajur]]
! colspan="3" |References
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Yajurveda#Shukla Yajurveda|Śukla (White)]]'''
|Vajasaneyi [[Samhita]]
|2.25,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/wyvbk02.htm|title=White Yajur Veda: Book II|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> 5.15,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/wyvbk05.htm|title=White Yajur Veda: Book V|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> 16.30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/wyvbk16.htm|title=White Yajur Veda: Book XVI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>
|2.25 is recited during the 'Vishnu Strides' in the [[yajna]] detailed in [[Shatapatha Brahmana|SB]] 1.9.3.
|-
|[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]
|'''Vishnu''': 1.2.5,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1211.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 2. 5. Fifth Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> 1.9.3,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1239.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 9, 3. Third Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> 2.3.1.12;<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1248.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): Second Kânda: II, 3, 1. Third Adhyâya. First Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> '''Bali (tribute):''' 1.3.2.15,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1213.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 3, 2. Second Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> 1.5.3.18,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1224.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 5, 3. Third Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> 1.6.3.17,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1228.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 6, 3. Third Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> 11.2.6.14<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44016.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part V (SBE44): Eleventh Kânda: XI, 2, 6. Sixth Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
|1.9.3 uses the formula from Vajasaneyi Samhita 2.25.
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Yajurveda#Krishna Yajurveda|Krishna (Black)]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Taittiriya]] [[Samhita]]
|'''VIshnu: Kanda 1:''' (strides) 2.13.i, 3.4.d, 3.6, 6.5, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 8.10, 8.15; (dwarf) 8.1, 8.8, 8.17;<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv01.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda I|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> '''Kanda 2:''' (dwarf) 1.3, 1.5, 1.8; (strides) 4.12, 6.12;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv02.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda II|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> '''Kanda 3:''' (strides) 2.6, 2.10, 2.11, 5.3;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv03.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda III|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>  '''Kanda 4:''' (strides) 2.1, 2.9; (dwarf) 5.5;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv04.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda IV|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> '''Kanda 5:''' (strides) 2.1, 6.16;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv05.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda V|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> '''Kanda 6:''' --;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv06.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda VI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> '''Kanda 7:''' --<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv07.htm|title=Yajur Veda Kanda VII|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |'Kanda 1: 2.13.i' means 'Kanda 1, Prapāṭhaka 2, Section 13, verse i'.
|-
|'''Bali (tribute):''' '''Kanda 1:''' 6.2<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]
|'''VIshnu: Book 1:''' 1.2.5.1; '''Book 2:''' 2.4.3.10; '''Bali (tax / tribute): Book 2:''' 2.7.18.3<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8sBtAEACAAJ|title=Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa: Text in Devanāgari and Translation|date=2017|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Kapāli Sāstry Institute of Vedic Culture|isbn=978-81-7994-166-9|pages=107 (Volume 1), 144 (Volume 2)|language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

==== White Yajurveda: Vajasaneyi Samhita ====

{{blockquote|<poem>Homage to him with braided hair and to him with shaven
hair, homage! homage to the thousand-eyed and to him
with a hundred bows, homage!
To the mountain-haunter and to Sipivishta, homage!
To the most bountiful, armed with arrows, homage!

Homage to the short, and to the dwarf, homage, homage to
the great and to the adult, homage! Homage to the full-grown
and to the growing, to the foremost and to the first
be homage.

Homage to the swift, and to the active be homage, and to
the hasty and to the rapid mover be homage! Homage to
him who dwells in waves, and in still waters, to him who
dwells in rivers and on islands.</poem>|source=Vajasaneyi Samhita, translated by [[Ralph T.H. Griffith]] (1899), Book 16, Verses 29-31|author=|title=}}

In regard to the above quotation, Aiyangar states that long (i.e. including braided) hair indicates [[Muni (Saint)|Munis]], and shaven hair indicates 'an [[ascetic]] of the order of [[sannyasin]]'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Narayan Aiyangar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217324|title=Essays On Indo Aryan Mythology|date=1901|pages=217, 236, 257}}</ref> Roy argues that in 'the [[Shri Rudram|Satarudriya]] hymn of the [[Yajurveda]] [i.e. Vajasaneyi Samhita, Book 16, as quoted above], [[Rudra]] is referred to as ''vamana''. Rudra is said to preside over the [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] of Ardra and may, therefore, be understood to denote the star'.<ref name=":15" />

However, the terms 'thousand-eyed' (i.e. [[Purusha]], see second account of Vamana in the [[Harivamsa]], below), 'mountain-haunter' (e.g. [[Rigveda]] 1.154, above), and 'Sipivishta'<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maxgyan.com/hindi/sh/shipiviShT-meaning-in-english.html|title=Meaning of shipivishta in English - Shipivishta meaning|website=www.maxgyan.com|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Muir|first=John|url=http://archive.org/details/originalsanskri02muirgoog|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India (Vol. 4)|date=1873|publisher=Trübner|others=Harvard University|pages=64, 67, 87, 122|language=sa}}</ref> given in the above-quote all also apply to [[Vishnu]]. In addition, the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (attached to the [[Vajasaneyi Samhita]]), relates the legend of Vishnu as a Dwarf, not Rudra /[[Shiva]]. Regardless, in the [[Puranas]] there are legends of both Vishnu and Shiva incarnating as Brahmin-dwarfs, and the above-quoted hymn provides the essential ingredients: the [[Brahmin]], the [[Dwarfism|Dwarf]], and the concept of growth.

==== White Yajurveda: Shatapatha Brahmana ====
{{See also|Shatapatha Brahmana}}
[[File:Vishnu dwarf incarnation, Pala period, Bengal - BHU Museum (7030891383).jpg|thumb|Vishnu dwarf incarnation (Vamana), Pala period, Bengal – BHU Museum]]
{{blockquote|<poem>The gods and the [[Asura]]s, both of them sprung from [[Prajapati|Pragâpati]], were contending for superiority. Then the gods were worsted, and the Asuras thought: 'To us alone assuredly belongs this world! They thereupon said: 'Well then, let us divide this world between us; and having divided it, let us subsist thereon!' They accordingly set about dividing it with ox-hides from west to east.

The gods then heard of this, and said: 'The Asuras are actually dividing this earth: come, let us go to where the Asuras are dividing it. For what would become of us, if we were to get no share in it?' Placing [[Vishnu]], (in the shape of) this very sacrifice, at their head, they went (to the Asuras). They then said: 'Let us share in this earth along with yourselves! Let a part of it be ours!' The Asuras replied rather grudgingly: 'As much as this Vishnu lies upon, and no more, we give you!'

Now Vishnu was a [[Dwarfism|dwarf]]. The gods, however, were not offended at this, but said: 'Much indeed they gave us, who gave us what is equal in size to the [[Yajna|sacrifice]]' ... Having thus enclosed him on all (three) sides, and having placed Agni (the fire) on the east side, they went on worshipping and toiling with it (or him, i.e. Vishnu, the sacrifice). By it they obtained (sam-vid) this entire earth...</poem>|source= Shatapatha Brahmana, translated by Julius Eggeling (1900), Kanda I, Adhyaya 2, Brahmana 5, Verses 1–7}}

Muir states about this legend in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] that '[[Vishnu]] is represented as a [[Dwarfism|dwarf]], and as having, under the form of [[Yajna|sacrifice]], conquered the whole earth... [this] contains the germ of the story of the Dwarf [i.e. Vamana] incarnation'.<ref name=":16" /> This legend is given in relation to the ''Darsapûrnamâseshtî'', or 'New and Full-moon Sacrifices'. The translator, [[Julius Eggeling|Eggeling]], states (footnote 59:1 of the given link)  that the above-quoted legend 'represents the ''Purva-Parigraha'', or first enclosing of the [[Vedi (altar)|altar]] by a single line being drawn with the wooden sword [a sacrificial instrument called a ''satasphyam''] on each of the three sides'. He also supposes (while admitting he cannot prove it) that the size of [[Vishnu]] may represent 'the sun-light, which, on shrinking to a dwarf's size in the evening, is the only means of preservation left to the devas'.

{{blockquote|<poem>He now strides the (three) [[Vishnu]]-strides. He who sacrifices assuredly gratifies the gods. In gratifying the gods by that sacrifice--partly by riks [verses from the RigVeda], partly by yagus [verses from the YajurVeda], partly by oblations--he acquires a share among them; and having acquired a share among them, he goes to them.

And again why he strides the Vishnu-strides, is; Vishnu, truly, is the sacrifice, by striding (vi-kram) he obtained for the gods that all-pervading power (vikrânti) which now belongs to them. By his first step he gained this same (earth), by the second this aërial expanse, and by his last (step) the sky. And this same pervading power Vishnu, as the sacrifice, obtains by his strides for him (the sacrificer): for this reason he strides the Vishnu-strides. Now it is indeed from this (earth) that most (beings) go (upwards)..</poem>|source= Shatapatha Brahmana, translated by Julius Eggeling (1900), Kanda I, Adhyaya 9, Brahmana 3, Verses 8-9|author=|title=}}

This instruction, relating directly to the Vishnu strides mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], is also given in relation to the ''Darsapūrnamāseshtī'', or 'New and Full-moon Sacrifices'. The three strides of Vishnu are not mentioned in direct relation to the legend of Vishnu as a dwarf. Instead, they are mentioned in regard to the performance of [[sacrifice]]s to consecrate the sacrificial ground (e.g. to drive away the [[Rakshasa]]s or 'demons' and solidify their own power).
{{blockquote|Now when he offers in the evening after sunset, he does so thinking, 'I will offer to the gods of this life-giving juice: we subsist on this which belongs to them.' And when he afterwards takes his evening meal, he eats what remains of the offering, and whereof '''oblative portions (bali)''' have been distributed all round; for he who performs the Agnihotra eats only what remains of the offering.|source= Shatapatha Brahmana, translated by Julius Eggeling (1900), Kanda 2, Adhyaya 3, Brahmana 1, Verse 12|author=|title=}}
This quote shows that 'Bali' is used refer to oblative portions or sacrificial offerings in ritual ceremonies such as the [[Agnihotra]]. In combination with 'Bali' being used to refer to taxes (see Taittiriya Brahmana, below), it therefore seems possible these meanings are linked with [[Mahabali|Bali]] being a king that loved to perform sacrifices and give sacrificial offerings (e.g. such as three steps of land).

==== Black Yajurveda: Taittiriya Samhita ====
{{See also|Taittiriya Shakha}}

{{blockquote|The [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] and the [[Asura]]s strove for these worlds; [[Visnu]] saw this dwarf, he offered it to its own deity; then he conquered these worlds. One who is engaged in a struggle should offer a dwarf (beast) to Visnu; then he becomes Visnu and conquers these worlds.|source=Taittiriya Samhita, translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith (1914), Kanda 2, Prapathaka 1, Section 3}}As per the above quote from the [[Taittiriya Shakha|Taittirya Samhita]], the sacrificial fee for [[Vishnu]] is a dwarf-animal (also stated in 1.8.1 (ox), 1.8.8, and 1.8.17). As D.A. Soifer states, the 'series of connections inherent in all this seems to be as follows: Visnu's three steps regain the worlds - Vishnu as a dwarf takes the three steps - a dwarf animal is sacrificed to Visnu to gain the power of this three steps'.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Soifer|first=Deborah A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC&pg=PA37|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|date=1991-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0799-8|pages=37|language=en}}</ref>

==== Black Yajurveda: Taittiriya Brahmana ====
{{blockquote|Then the King recites the two ''dvadasha'' strotras and the two ''chaturvimsha''. Then the ''[[Kshatriya|Kshatra]]'' power manifests in him very well (''udbhidyam''), then the citizens easily bring their '''taxes (bali)''' to the king.|source=Taittiriya Brahmana (Volume 2), translated by R.L. Kashyap (2017), Ashtaka 2, Prapathaka 7, Anuvaka 18, Khandika 3 (p.377)|author=|title=}}

This quote shows that 'Bali' is used refer to taxes paid to the King. It seems possible that this is linked to the character of Bali being a king (of the Asuras) who - also consistent with the other meaning of 'sacrificial offerings or oblations' - loved to perform sacrifices and give sacrificial offerings (such as land requested by dwarf-[[Brahmin]]s).