Editing Valencian language (section)

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Catalan orthography}}
{{See also|Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan}}

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
! Main <br /> forms
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[A]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[a]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[B]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[b]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-ca-valencia|[[C]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[c]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[D]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[d]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[[E]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[e]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[F]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[f]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[G]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[g]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[H]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[h]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[[I]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[i]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[J]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[j]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[K]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[k]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[L]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[l]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[M]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[m]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[N]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[n]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[[O]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[o]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[P]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[p]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Q]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[q]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[R]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[r]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[S]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[s]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[T]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[t]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[[U]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[u]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[V]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[v]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[W]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[w]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[[X]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[x]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Y]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[y]]|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Z]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[z]]|italic=unset}}
|-
! {{Abbr|Mod.|Modified}} <br /> forms
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[À]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[à]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ç]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ç]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[É]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[é]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[[È]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[è]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | 
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Í]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[í]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ï]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ï]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | 
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Catalan orthography#Punt volat (middot)|ĿL]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ŀl]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ó]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ó]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ò]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ò]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | 
| {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ú]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ú]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[[Ü]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|[[ü]]|italic=unset}}
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |
|-
! IPA <!-- Main values -->
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|/b/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"|The consonants and digraphs {{angbr|b, d, g, v / w, z, (i)g / j, tz}} {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, v, z, d͡ʒ, d͡z/}} become {{IPA|[p, t, k, f, s, t͡ʃ, t͡s]}} in final position (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|clu'''b'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|fre'''d'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''g'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|sal'''v'''}} / ''Tomászo'''w''''', {{lang|ca-valencia|brun'''z'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''g'''}} / ''Ra'''j''''', {{lang|ca-valencia|Her'''tz'''}}).}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}} <br /> {{IPA|/s/}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}}
| {{IPA|/d/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| {{IPA|/e/}}
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} <br /> {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| ∅{{efn-lr|name="h"|{{IPA|/h/}} in [[loanword]]s (e.g. '''''h'''awaià'' 'Hawaiian', '''''h'''ippy'' 'hippy') and [[interjection]]s (''e'''h'''em'' 'ahem').}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}} <br /> {{IPA|/j/}}
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}}{{efn-lr|name="exceptions before e and i"|For etymological reasons, {{angbr|j}} is written before {{lang|ca-valencia|e}} {{IPA|/e/}} in certain cases, such as {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''erarquia}} ('hierarchy'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''eroglífic}} ('hieroglyph'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''ersei}} ('jersey'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''esuïta}} ('Jesuit'), {{lang|ca-valencia|ma'''j'''estat}} ('majesty'), etc., and before the groups -{{lang|ca-valencia|ecc}}- and -{{lang|ca-valencia|ect}}-: {{lang|ca-valencia|in'''j'''ecció}} ('injection'), {{lang|ca-valencia|ob'''j'''ecte}} ('object'), etc. In fewer cases, and mainly in loanwords, {{angbr|j}} is also found before {{lang|ca-valencia|i}} {{IPA|/i/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|Bei'''j'''ing}} 'Beijing', {{lang|ca-valencia|fi'''j'''ià}} 'Fijian', {{lang|ca-valencia|Fu'''j'''i}} 'Fuji', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''J'''im}} 'Jim', etc.).}}{{efn-lr|name="j"|In Valencian, {{angbr|j}} is pronounced {{IPA|/j/}} ([[yod (sound)|yod]]) in terms like '''''j'''o'' ('I') and '''''j'''a'' ('already'). <br /> The Spanish {{angbr|j}} {{IPA|/x/}} is found in loanwords like ''oru'''j'''o'' ('grape liqueur') or ''La Rio'''j'''a'' ('La Rioja').}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{IPA|/o/}}
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|/r/}}{{efn-lr|name="r"}} <br /> {{IPA|/ɾ/}}{{efn-lr|name="r"}}
| {{IPA|/s/}}{{efn-lr|name="s"}} <br /> {{IPA|/z/}}{{efn-lr|name="s"}}
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u/}} <br /> {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{IPA|/v/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| {{IPA|/w/}} <br /> {{IPA|/v/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| {{IPA|/ks/}}{{efn-lr|name="ics"|The {{angbr|x}} {{IPA|/ks/}} pronunciation is found between vowels (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|mà'''x'''im}} 'maximum'), between a vowel and voiceless consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''tens}} 'extensive') and word finally, after a vowel ({{lang|ca-valencia|anne'''x'''}} 'annexe') or consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|larin'''x'''}} 'larynx'). The letter {{angbr|x}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɡz/}} in the initial groups {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''-}} and {{lang|ca-valencia|ine'''x'''-}} followed by vowel, {{angbr|h}} or a voiced consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''amen}} 'exam', {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''hortar}} 'to exhort', {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''diputat}} 'ex-deputy', {{lang|ca-valencia|ine'''x'''orable}} 'inexorable').}} <br /> {{IPA|/ɡz/}}{{efn-lr|name="ics"}}
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}{{efn-lr|name="xeix"|In Valencian, {{angbr|x}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}} after the high vocoid {{IPA|/i/}} {{angbr|i}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|i'''x'''}} 'they gets out', {{lang|ca-valencia|pi'''x'''ar}} 'to pee', exceptions include learned terms: {{lang|ca-valencia|fi'''x'''ar}} 'to fix' and {{lang|ca-valencia|proli'''x'''}} 'prolix', pronounced with {{IPA|/ks/}}), in proper names or place names like {{lang|ca-valencia|'''X'''àtiva}} '[[Xàtiva]]' (often mispronounced with an epenthetic ''ei-'') and learned terms like {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''enofòbia}} ('xenophobia') and {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''erografia}} ('xerography'). In other cases it alternates with {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''arop}} {{IPA|[ʃaˈɾɔp]}} or {{IPA|[t͡ʃaˈɾɔp]}} ('syrup'), or it is only pronounced {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''iular}} 'to whistle', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''in'''x'''a}} 'bedbug').}} <br /> {{IPA|/ʃ/}}{{efn-lr|name="xeix"}}
| {{IPA|/j/}} <br /> {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|/z/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
|}

Valencian and Catalan use the [[Latin script]], with some added symbols and digraphs.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} Standardisation of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the ''Normes ortogràfiques'' in 1913 under the direction of [[Antoni Maria Alcover]] and [[Pompeu Fabra]]. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in [[Castelló de la Plana]] to make a formal adoption of the so-called ''[[Normes de Castelló]]'' (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUu_apMqBF0C |title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings |date=2009 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-9027289247 |editor-last=Carreras |editor-first=Joan Costa |language=en |translator-last=Yates |translator-first=Alan}}</ref>

The letters [[k]], [[y]] and [[w]] only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph [[ny (digraph)|ny]]. Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters [[c]] and [[g]] have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, [[ç]] (found also in Portuguese and French) always has a soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of [[b]] {{IPA|/b/}} and [[v]] {{IPA|/v/}} (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication ({{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}) of both soft [[g]] (after front vowels) and [[j]] (in most cases), the affrication ({{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) of initial and postconsonantal [[x]] (except in some cases){{efn-lr|name="xeix"}} and the lenition (deaffrication) of [[tz (digraph)|tz]] {{IPA|/d͡z/}} in most instances (especially the -''itzar'' suffix).

{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
:{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | Main [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and letter combinations
|-
! rowspan="2" | Spelling
! colspan="2" | IPA
! rowspan="2" | Example
! rowspan="2" | Meaning
|-
! Catalan
! Valencian
|-
| [[ch (digraph)|ch]]{{efn-lr|name="coda"|Only found in the syllable coda.}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| ''Fol'''ch'''''
| Folch
|-
| [[gu (digraph)|gu]]{{efn-lr|name="front"|Before front vowels ({{IPA|/e, i/}}). Also before [[schwa]] {{IPA|[ə]}} in Catalan.}}{{efn-lr|name="gu/qu"|Before the vowels {{IPA|/a, o/}} (spelled {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|o}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/ɡw/}} and {{IPA|/qw/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''gu'''ants}} 'gloves', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''qu'''ota}} 'share, fee').}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| ''à'''gu'''ila''
| eagle
|-
| [[ig (digraph)|ig]]{{efn-lr|name="coda"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| colspan="2" |  {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| ''ra'''ig'''''
| ray
|-
| [[ix (digraph)|ix]]{{efn-lr|name="ix"|In some Valencian dialects (as well as Standard Catalan) the [[yod (sound)|yod]] in the digraph {{angbr|ix}} {{IPA|/jʃ/}} → {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is dropped (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|pe'''ix'''}} {{IPA|[ˈpeʃ]}} 'fish'). The general (Valencian) pronunciation retains {{IPA|/j/}} ({{IPA|[ˈpejʃ]}}).}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{IPA|/jʃ/}}
| ''e'''ix'''ida''
| exit
|-
| [[kh (digraph)|kh]]{{efn-lr|name="all"|In any position.}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}}
| ''Txé'''kh'''ov''
| Chekhov
|-
| [[ll (digraph)|ll]]{{efn-lr|name="all"}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| ''bro'''ll'''ar''
| to sprout
|-
| [[ŀl]]{{efn-lr|name=ŀl|"In Valencian {{angbr|ŀl}} is only geminated in very formal registers. <br /> In Catalan it is geminated in careful speech.}}
| {{IPA|/lː/}} or {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| ''co'''ŀl'''egi''
| school, college
|-
| [[ny (digraph)|ny]]{{efn-lr|name="all"}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| ''se'''ny'''al''
| signal
|-
| [[qu (digraph)|qu]]{{efn-lr|name="front"}}{{efn-lr|name="gu/qu"}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| '''''qu'''è''
| what
|-
| [[rr (digraph)|rr]]{{efn-lr|name="r"|Initial {{angbr|r}} is pronounced {{IPA|/r/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''r'''os}} 'blond'); while intervocalic {{angbr|r}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɾ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|vo'''r'''a}} 'edge'), except in compounds ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''r'''ítmia}} 'arrhythmia', pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}}).}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}}
| ''ga'''rr'''a''
| shank, claw
|-
| [[sc (digraph)|sc]]{{efn-lr|name="front"}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}}
| ''a'''sc'''ens''
| rise
|-
| [[ss (digraph)|ss]]{{efn-lr|name="s"|Initial {{angbr|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''s'''uc}} 'juice'); while intervocalic {{angbr|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|co'''s'''a}} 'thing'), except in compounds ({{lang|ca-valencia|ante'''s'''ala}} 'antechamber', pronounced with {{IPA|/s/}}).}}
| ''bo'''ss'''a''
| bag, purse
|-
| [[tg (digraph)|tg]]{{efn-lr|name="front"}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| ''fe'''tg'''e''
| liver
|-
| [[tj (digraph)|tj]]{{efn-lr|name="central and back"|Before central ({{IPA|/a/}}, including [[schwa]] in Catalan) and back vowels ({{IPA|/o, u/}}).}}
| ''via'''tj'''ar''
| to travel
|-
| [[th (digraph)|th]]{{efn-lr|name="th"|The group {{angbr|th}} is pronounced {{IPA|/t/}} in native words (e.g. ''to'''th'''om'' {{IPA|[toˈtɔm]}} or {{IPA|[tuˈtɔm]}} 'everybody').}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
| '''''th'''eta''
| theta
|-
| [[tl (grapheme)|tl]]{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"|In Valencian {{angbr|tl}} and {{angbr|tn}} can be pronounced with gemination or not, <br /> {{angbr|tm}} and {{angbr|tll}} are only geminated in very formal registers. <br /> In Catalan {{angbr|tl}}, {{angbr|tll}}, {{angbr|tm}} and {{angbr|tn}} are geminated in careful speech.}}
| {{IPA|/lː/}}
| {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/lː/}}
| ''Be'''tl'''em''
| Bethlehem
|-
| [[tll (grapheme)|tll]]{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}}
| {{IPA|/ʎː/}}
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| ''bi'''tll'''et''
| bank note, ticket
|-
| [[tm (grapheme)|tm]]{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}}
| {{IPA|/mː/}}
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| ''se'''tm'''ana''
| week
|-
| [[tn (grapheme)|tn]]{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}}
| {{IPA|/nː/}}
| {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/nː/}}
| ''co'''tn'''a''
| pork rind
|-
| [[ts (digraph)|ts]]{{efn-lr|name="all"}}{{efn-lr|name="ts"|In Valencian initial {{angbr|ts}} (found only in loanwords, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ts'''ar}} 'tsar') is deaffricated. <br /> However, it may be pronounced in very formals registers.}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t͡s/}}
| ''po'''ts'''er''
| maybe
|-
| [[tx (digraph)|tx]]{{efn-lr|name="all"}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| ''co'''tx'''e''
| car
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[tz (digraph)|tz]]{{efn-lr|In Valencian {{angbr|tz}} is deaffricated in most instances.}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/d͡z/}}
| {{IPA|/d͡z/}}
| ''se'''tz'''e''
| sixteen
|-
| {{IPA|/z/}}
| ''anali'''tz'''ar''
| to analyse
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
:{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"
! colspan="4" | [[Diacritic]]s{{efn-lr|name="accents"|The acute (´) and grave (`) accents indicate stress and vowel height.}}{{efn-lr|name="diaeresis"|The diaeresis (¨) is used to indicate a [[vowel hiatus]] or a non-silent {{IPA|/u/}} after {{angbr|g}} or {{angbr|q}}.}}
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning 
|-
| [[à]] || {{IPA|/a/}} || ''but'''à''''' || butane
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning 
|-
| [[é]] || {{IPA|/e/}} || ''m'''é'''s'' || more
|-
| [[è]] || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || ''r'''è'''tol'' || sign, label
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning
|-
| [[ó]] || {{IPA|/o/}} || ''emoci'''ó''''' || emotion
|-
| [[ò]] || {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || '''''ò'''bila'' || barn owl
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning 
|-
| [[í]] || rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/i/}} || ''f'''í'''sic'' || physical
|-
| [[ï]] || ''ru'''ï'''na'' || ruin
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning
|-
| [[ú]] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/u/}} || ''dej'''ú''''' || fasting
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[ü]] || ''pe'''ü'''c'' || bootee
|-
| {{IPA|/w/}} || ''aig'''ü'''es'' || waters
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"
! colspan="4" | ''C trencada''
|-
! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning 
|-
| [[ç]]{{efn-lr|name=ç|Before central ({{IPA|/a/}}, including [[schwa]] in Catalan) and back vowels ({{IPA|/o, u/}}), <br /> also after any vowels in the coda.}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || ''bra'''ç''''' || arm
|}
|}

{{Notelist-lr|30em}}