Editing Valencia (section)

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Valencia, Spain.jpg|thumb|right|Valencia and surroundings as seen by the [[European Space Agency|ESA]]'s [[Sentinel-2]] satellite]]

Located on the eastern coast of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and the western part of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], fronting the [[Gulf of Valencia]], Valencia lies on the highly fertile alluvial silts accumulated on the floodplain formed in the lower course of the [[Turia (river)|Turia River]].{{Sfn|Puncel Chornet|1999}} At its founding by the Romans in 138 BC, it stood on an alluvial plain of the Turia River several kilometers from the sea.<ref name="Monrabal2011">{{cite book |last1=Monrabal |first1=Josep Sorribes |title=Valencia, 1957-2007: De la riada a la Copa del América |year=2011 |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=978-84-370-8260-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRdbTyaOIgYC&pg=PA61 |language=es |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115224703/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRdbTyaOIgYC&pg=PA61 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Albufera]] lagoon, located about {{cvt|12|km|mi|0}} south of the city proper (and part of the municipality), was originally a saltwater lagoon, but since the severing of links to the sea, it has eventually become a freshwater lagoon, progressively decreasing in size.{{Sfn|Clemente Meoro|2008|p=1}} The lagoon and its environment are used for the cultivation of [[rice]] in [[paddy field]]s, and for hunting and fishing purposes.{{Sfn|Clemente Meoro|2008|p=1}}

The Valencia City Council bought the lake from the [[Monarchy of Spain|Crown of Spain]] for 1,072,980 [[Spanish peseta|pesetas]] in 1911,<ref name="Gonzálbez1960">{{cite book |author=Momblanch y Gonzálbez, Francisco de P. |title=Historia de la Albufera de Valencia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QUrAQAAMAAJ |access-date=5 February 2013 |year=1960 |publisher=Excmo. Anuntamiento |page=301 |isbn=9788484840701 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101125315/http://books.google.com/books?id=6QUrAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and today it forms the main portion of the ''[[Parc Natural de l'Albufera]]'' (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of {{convert|21,120|ha|acre}}. Because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, it was declared a natural park in 1976.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Valencia}}
Valencia and its metropolitan area have a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh'') bordering on a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=AEMET IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf |website=www.aemet.es |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] |access-date=2024-04-07 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422054507/http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]] |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213184548/https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with mild winters and hot, dry summers.<ref name=KGcc>{{Cite journal |first1=M. |last1=Kottek |first2=J. |last2=Grieser |first3=C. |last3=Beck |first4=B. |last4=Rudolf |first5=F. |last5=Rubel |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |journal=[[Meteorol. Z.]] |volume=15 |pages=259–263 |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |access-date=22 April 2009 |date=10 July 2006 |issue=3 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009232020/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapa topográfico de España del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |url=http://www.ign.es/iberpix2/visor/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719134808/http://www.ign.es/iberpix2/visor/}}</ref> According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Valencia has a subtropical climate.<ref>[http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html ''Die Klimatypen der Erde''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114174500/https://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html |date=14 November 2021 }} - Pädagogische Hochschule in [[Heidelberg]]</ref>

The average annual temperature of Valencia is {{cvt|18.6|°C|°F}}; {{cvt|23|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|14.2|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the maximum daily temperature typically ranges from {{cvt|15|to|20|C|F}}, the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from {{cvt|6|to|10|C|F}}. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around {{cvt|17|C|F}} during the day and {{cvt|8|C|F}} at night. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds {{cvt|20|°C|0}}, with an average temperature of {{cvt|19.3|°C}} during the day and {{cvt|10|°C}} at night. During the warmest months – July and August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from {{cvt|28|to|32|C|F}}, about {{cvt|21|to|24|°C|°F}} at night. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the city since 1937 were {{convert|44.5|C}} on 10 August 2023 and {{convert|-7.2|C}} on 11 February 1956, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=València: València - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det&x=8416&m=13&v=todos |publisher=[[AEMET]] |access-date=2 December 2021 |language=es |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202155913/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det&x=8416&m=13&v=todos |url-status=live}}</ref> Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Foehn wind|Foehn]] phenomenon, locally known as ''ponentà''.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=L'efecte Foehn, fogony o "ponentà" |url=https://vilmeteo.es/el-efecte-foehn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202194335/https://vilmeteo.es/el-efecte-foehn/ |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=VilMeteo (Meteo Villarreal) |language=ca-valencia}}</ref> The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/greece/climate-data-historical |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521050629/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/greece/climate-data-historical |url-status=live }}</ref>

The maximum of precipitation occurs in [[autumn]], coinciding with the time of the year when [[cold drop]] (''gota fría'') episodes of heavy rainfall—associated to [[Block (meteorology)#Cut-off highs and lows|cut-off low pressure systems at high altitude]]—<ref>{{Cite web |title=La gota fría: dónde, cuándo y cómo se produce |url=https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/actualidad/gota-fria-donde-cuando-como-produce/20190913162654166097.html |website=Nueva Tribuna |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721141618/https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/actualidad/gota-fria-donde-cuando-como-produce/20190913162654166097.html |url-status=live}}</ref> are common along the Western mediterranean coast.<ref name=climate>{{Cite web |title=El clima de Valencia |url=http://eltiempo.lasprovincias.es/las-cosas-del-clima/clima-valencia |publisher=[[Las Provincias]] |first=Antonio |last=Rivera |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721125917/http://eltiempo.lasprovincias.es/las-cosas-del-clima/clima-valencia |url-status=live}}</ref> The year-on-year variability in precipitation may be, however, considerable,<ref name=climate /> as exemplified by large floods in [[1957 Valencia flood|1957]] and [[October 2024 Spain floods|2024]], which both occurred in the month of October. Snowfall almost does not occur at all; the most recent occasion snow accumulated on the ground was on 11 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Se cumplen 60 años de la última nevada en València |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20200111/472821620039/valencia-nevada-1960-nieve-ciudad.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112125943/https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20200111/472821620039/valencia-nevada-1960-nieve-ciudad.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref>

Valencia, on average, has around 2,733 sunshine hours per year, from 152 in December (average of 5 hours of sunshine duration a day) to 308 in July (average around 10 hours of sunshine duration a day). The average temperature of the sea is {{cvt|14|-|15|°C}} in winter and {{cvt|25|-|26|°C}} in summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seatemperature.net/current/spain/valencia-valencia-spain-sea-temperature |title=Sea temperature in Valencia |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620144811/https://seatemperature.net/current/spain/valencia-valencia-spain-sea-temperature |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://eltiempo.lasprovincias.es/meteorologia/temperatura-del-agua-del-mar |title=Temperatura del agua del mar |newspaper=[[Las Provincias]] |date=18 July 2010 |access-date=24 October 2015 |language=es |first=Antonio |last=Rivera |publisher=[[Vocento]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122241/http://eltiempo.lasprovincias.es/meteorologia/temperatura-del-agua-del-mar |url-status=live}}</ref> Average annual [[relative humidity]] is around 66%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&k=val |work=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] |title=Valores climatológicos normales. València |access-date=4 April 2019 |language=es |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171628/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&k=val |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= Valencia (normals 1991-2020, extremes 1937-present), altitude: 11 [[Metres above sea level|m.a.s.l.]]
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
| Jan record high C =27.1
| Feb record high C =29.0
| Mar record high C =33.2
| Apr record high C =35.2
| May record high C =42.0
| Jun record high C =38.2
| Jul record high C =41.8
| Aug record high C =44.5
| Sep record high C =38.4
| Oct record high C =35.8
| Nov record high C =32.0
| Dec record high C =27.3
| year record high C =
| Jan high C  =16.8
| Feb high C  =17.4
| Mar high C  =19.4
| Apr high C  =21.2
| May high C  =24.0
| Jun high C  =27.5
| Jul high C  =29.9
| Aug high C  =30.6
| Sep high C  =28.0
| Oct high C  =24.6
| Nov high C  =20.2
| Dec high C  =17.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C  =12.1
| Feb mean C  =12.7
| Mar mean C  =14.7
| Apr mean C  =16.6
| May mean C  =19.6
| Jun mean C  =23.3
| Jul mean C  =25.9
| Aug mean C  =26.5
| Sep mean C  =23.7
| Oct mean C  =20.1
| Nov mean C  =15.6
| Dec mean C  =12.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C  =7.5
| Feb low C  =8.0
| Mar low C  =9.9
| Apr low C  =11.9
| May low C  =15.1
| Jun low C  =19.0
| Jul low C  =21.9
| Aug low C  =22.5
| Sep low C  =19.3
| Oct low C  =15.6
| Nov low C  =11.0
| Dec low C  =8.3
| year low C =
| Jan record low C  =-6.5
| Feb record low C  =-7.2
| Mar record low C  =-0.4
| Apr record low C  =1.0
| May record low C  =5.0
| Jun record low C  =8.5
| Jul record low C  =11.6
| Aug record low C  =12.5
| Sep record low C  =8.0
| Oct record low C  =4.1
| Nov record low C  =-0.8
| Dec record low C  =-2.8
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour  =  green
| Jan precipitation mm  =39
| Feb precipitation mm  =30
| Mar precipitation mm  =40
| Apr precipitation mm  =33
| May precipitation mm  =36
| Jun precipitation mm  =26
| Jul precipitation mm  =7
| Aug precipitation mm  =15
| Sep precipitation mm  =70
| Oct precipitation mm  =63
| Nov precipitation mm  =52
| Dec precipitation mm  =48
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1mm
| Jan precipitation days  =3.9
| Feb precipitation days  =3.5
| Mar precipitation days  =4.1
| Apr precipitation days  =4.5
| May precipitation days  =4.2
| Jun precipitation days  =2.2
| Jul precipitation days  =1.2
| Aug precipitation days  =2.3
| Sep precipitation days  =5.2
| Oct precipitation days  =4.7
| Nov precipitation days  =4.3
| Dec precipitation days  =4.3
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 64
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 66
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 67
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 66
| Dec humidity = 66
| year humidity = 
| Jan sun  =174
| Feb sun  =181
| Mar sun  =217
| Apr sun  =237
| May sun  =267
| Jun sun  =282
| Jul sun  =313
| Aug sun  =288
| Sep sun  =237
| Oct sun  =208
| Nov sun  =171
| Dec sun  =158
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 57
| Feb percentsun = 59
| Mar percentsun = 59
| Apr percentsun = 60
| May percentsun = 60
| Jun percentsun = 63
| Jul percentsun = 69
| Aug percentsun = 68
| Sep percentsun = 63
| Oct percentsun = 60
| Nov percentsun = 57
| Dec percentsun = 54
| year percentsun = 
|source = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]] (AEMET OpenData)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData | title=AEMET OpeenData |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]] |access-date=2024-05-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=València: València - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det&x=8416&m=13&v=todos |publisher=[[AEMET]] |access-date=2 December 2021 |language=es |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202155913/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det&x=8416&m=13&v=todos |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Weather box|
| location = Valencia ({{cvt|4|km|0|disp=sqbr}} from sea, altitude: 11 [[Metres above sea level|m.a.s.l.]], averages 1981–2010)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = yes
| Jan high C = 16.4
| Feb high C = 17.1
| Mar high C = 19.3
| Apr high C = 20.8
| May high C = 23.4
| Jun high C = 27.1
| Jul high C = 29.7
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 27.9
| Oct high C = 24.3
| Nov high C = 19.8
| Dec high C = 17.0
| year high C = 22.8
| Jan mean C = 11.9
| Feb mean C = 12.7
| Mar mean C = 14.6
| Apr mean C = 16.2
| May mean C = 19.0
| Jun mean C = 22.9
| Jul mean C = 25.6
| Aug mean C = 26.1
| Sep mean C = 23.5
| Oct mean C = 19.7
| Nov mean C = 15.3
| Dec mean C = 12.6
| year mean C = 18.3
| Jan low C = 7.1
| Feb low C = 7.8
| Mar low C = 9.7
| Apr low C = 11.5
| May low C = 14.6
| Jun low C = 18.6
| Jul low C = 21.5
| Aug low C = 21.9
| Sep low C = 19.1
| Oct low C = 15.2
| Nov low C = 10.8
| Dec low C = 8.1
| year low C = 13.8
| Jan precipitation mm = 37
| Feb precipitation mm = 36
| Mar precipitation mm = 33
| Apr precipitation mm = 38
| May precipitation mm = 39
| Jun precipitation mm = 22
| Jul precipitation mm = 8
| Aug precipitation mm = 20
| Sep precipitation mm = 70
| Oct precipitation mm = 77
| Nov precipitation mm = 47
| Dec precipitation mm = 48
| year precipitation mm = 475
| Jan precipitation days = 4.4
| Feb precipitation days = 3.9
| Mar precipitation days = 3.6
| Apr precipitation days = 4.8
| May precipitation days = 4.3
| Jun precipitation days = 2.6
| Jul precipitation days = 1.1
| Aug precipitation days = 2.4
| Sep precipitation days = 5.0
| Oct precipitation days = 5.0
| Nov precipitation days = 4.3
| Dec precipitation days = 4.8
| year precipitation days = 46.3
| unit precipitation days = 1&nbsp;mm
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan humidity    =64
| Feb humidity    =64
| Mar humidity    =63
| Apr humidity    =62
| May humidity    =65
| Jun humidity    =66
| Jul humidity    =67
| Aug humidity    =68
| Sep humidity    =67
| Oct humidity    =67
| Nov humidity    =66
| Dec humidity    =65
| year humidity   =
| Jan sun = 171
| Feb sun = 171
| Mar sun = 215
| Apr sun = 234
| May sun = 259
| Jun sun = 276
| Jul sun = 315
| Aug sun = 288
| Sep sun = 235
| Oct sun = 202
| Nov sun = 167
| Dec sun = 155
| year sun = 2696
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&k=undefined |title=Valores climatológicos normales |work=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=es |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619082834/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&k=undefined |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det |title=Valores Extremos |work=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]] |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106164847/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=val&l=8416&datos=det |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date = June 2020
| source = 
}}