Editing Uyghurs (section)

===Qing rule===
[[File:Khojis full-length portrait.jpg|thumb|left|Uyghur General [[Khojis]] (−1781), governor of [[Us-Turfan]], who later resided at the Qing court in Beijing. Painting by a European Jesuit artist at the Chinese court in 1775.<ref>{{cite web |title=北京保利国际拍卖有限公司 |url=https://www.polypm.com.cn/news/detail/3934/14 |website=www.polypm.com.cn}}</ref>]]
In the 17th century, the Buddhist [[Dzungar Khanate]] grew in power in [[Dzungaria]]. The [[Dzungar conquest of Altishahr]] ended the last independent Chagatai Khanate, the [[Yarkent Khanate]], after the Aqtaghlik [[Afaq Khoja]] sought aid from the [[5th Dalai Lama]] and his Dzungar Buddhist followers to help him in his struggle against the Qarataghlik Khojas. The Aqtaghlik Khojas in the Tarim Basin then became vassals to the Dzungars.

The expansion of the Dzungars into [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha Mongol]] territory in [[Mongolia]] brought them into direct conflict with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] in the late 17th century, and in the process also brought Chinese presence back into the region a thousand years after Tang China lost control of the [[Western Regions]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang |author=Christian Tyler|page=55 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year= 2004 |isbn=978-0813535333 }}</ref>

[[File:Turpan-minarete-emir-d07.jpg|thumb|Minaret of [[Turpan]] ruler [[Emin Khoja]], built by his son and successor Suleiman in 1777 in the memory of his father (tallest minaret in China)]]
The [[Dzungar–Qing War]] lasted a decade. During the Dzungar conflict, two Aqtaghlik brothers, the so-called "Younger Khoja" ({{lang-zh|c=霍集佔}}), also known as Khwāja-i Jahān, and his sibling, the Elder Khoja ({{lang-zh|c=波羅尼都}}), also known as Burhān al-Dīn, after being appointed as vassals in the Tarim Basin by the Dzungars, first joined the Qing and rebelled against Dzungar rule until the final Qing victory over the Dzungars, then they rebelled against the Qing in the [[Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas]] (1757–1759), an action which prompted the invasion and conquest of the Tarim Basin by the Qing in 1759. The Uyghurs of Turfan and Hami such as [[Emin Khoja]] were allies of the Qing in this conflict, and these Uyghurs also helped the Qing rule the Altishahr Uyghurs in the Tarim Basin.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA101 101]}}<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3107653|title=The Begs of Xinjiang: Between Two Worlds|last=Newby|first=L. J.|volume= 61|issue= 2|pages=278–297|year=1998|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00013811 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies|s2cid=153718110}}</ref>

The [[Ten Great Campaigns|final campaign against the Dzungars in the 1750s]] ended with the [[Dzungar genocide]]. The Qing "final solution" of genocide to solve the problem of the Dzungar Mongols created a land devoid of Dzungars, which was followed by the Qing sponsored settlement of millions of other people in Dzungaria.<ref name="Zungar2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA285 Perdue 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA285 |date=1 January 2016 }}, p. 285.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&pg=PT183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&pg=PT183|url-status=dead|title=The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China|first=Eric Enno|last=Tamm|date=10 April 2011|archive-date=1 January 2016|publisher=Catapult|isbn = 9781582438764|access-date=24 July 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref> In northern Xinjiang, the Qing brought in Han, Hui, Uyghur, Xibe, Daurs, Solons, Turkic Muslim Taranchis and Kazakh colonists, with one third of Xinjiang's total population consisting of Hui and Han in the northern area, while around two thirds were Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang's Tarim Basin.<ref name="ed. Starr 2004">[https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243 ed. Starr 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212214513/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243 |date=12 February 2019 }}, p. 243.</ref> In Dzungaria, the Qing established new cities like Ürümqi and Yining.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102 Millward 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102 |date=1 January 2016 }}, p. 102.</ref> The [[Dzungaria]]n basin itself is now inhabited by many Kazakhs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA4 Tyler 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA4 |date=1 January 2016 }}, p. 4.</ref> The Qing therefore unified Xinjiang and changed its demographic composition as well.<ref name="Liu & Faure 1996">{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Tao Tao |last2=Faure |first2=David |title=Unity and Diversity; Local Cultures and Identity in China |date=1996 |publisher=University of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-9622094024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |access-date=4 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713183855/https://books.google.co.th/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&redir_esc=y |archive-date=13 July 2018 }}</ref>{{RP|71}} The crushing of the Buddhist Dzungars by the Qing led to the empowerment of the Muslim Begs in southern Xinjiang, migration of Muslim Taranchis to northern Xinjiang, and increasing Turkic Muslim power, with Turkic Muslim culture and identity was tolerated or even promoted by the Qing.<ref name="Liu & Faure 1996"/>{{RP|76}} It was therefore argued by Henry Schwarz that "the Qing victory was, in a certain sense, a victory for Islam".<ref name="Liu & Faure 1996"/>{{RP|72}}

In [[Beijing]], a community of Uyghurs was clustered around the mosque near the [[Forbidden City]], having moved to Beijing in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/middlekingdomas09willgoog |title=The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants |author= Samuel Wells Williams|year=1848|publisher=Wiley and Putnam|page=[https://archive.org/details/middlekingdomas09willgoog/page/n96 64]|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

The [[Ush rebellion]] in 1765 by Uyghurs against the [[Manchus]] occurred after several incidents of misrule and abuse that had caused considerable anger and resentment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Millward |first1=James A. |title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 |date=1998 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804797927 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Millward |first1=James A. |title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 |date=1998 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804797927 |pages=206–207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206}}</ref>{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA108 108]}} The Manchu Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, and the men were executed and the women and children enslaved.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA109 109]}}

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File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Uyghur chieftain from Ush, Kucha and Aksu, with his wife.jpg|Uyghur chieftain from [[Uqturpan County|Wushi]], [[Kucha]] and [[Aksu City|Aksu]], with his wife. ''[[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]'', 1769.<ref>[[:File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 071.jpg|烏什庫車阿克蘇等城回目]]</ref>
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Uyghur commoners from Ush, Kucha and Aksu.jpg|Uyghur commoners from [[Uqturpan County|Wushi]], [[Kucha]] and [[Aksu City|Aksu]]. ''[[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]'', 1769.<ref>[[:File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 072.jpg|烏什庫車阿克蘇等處回人]]</ref>
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Uyghur people from Hami in Anxi subprefecture.jpg|Uyghur people from [[Hami]], in Anxi subprefecture. ''[[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]'', 1769.<ref>[[:File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 077.jpg|安西廳哈密回民]]</ref>
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Uyghur from Ili, Taleqi, Chahan and Wusu, with his wife.jpg|Uyghur people from [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Huocheng County|Taleqi]], Chahan and [[Wusu]]. ''[[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]'', 1769.<ref>[[:File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 066.jpg|伊犂塔勒奇察罕烏蘇等處回人]]</ref>
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