Editing Ulaanbaatar (section)

=== Climate ===
Owing to its high elevation, its relatively high latitude, its location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, and the effects of the [[Siberian anticyclone]], Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world,<ref name="Montsame News Agency 2006, pg. 35">Montsame News Agency. ''Mongolia''. 2006, {{ISBN|99929-0-627-8}}, p. 35</ref> and the coldest city on the planet with more than a million inhabitants, with a [[monsoon]]-influenced, cold [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''[[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] ''BSbc'', USDA [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness Zone]] 3b<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantsdb.gr/en/general-cultivation/hardiness-zones/274-hardiness-zones-map|title=Hardiness Zones – WORLD MAP|publisher=Plantsdb.gr|date=15 August 1965|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182710/http://www.plantsdb.gr/en/general-cultivation/hardiness-zones/274-hardiness-zones-map|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>). Aside from precipitation and from a thermal standpoint, the city is on the boundary between [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dwb'') and [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] (''Dwc''). This is due to its {{convert|10|C|F}} mean temperature for the month of May.

The city features brief, warm summers and long, bitterly cold and dry winters. The coldest January temperatures, usually at the time just before sunrise, are between {{convert|-36|and|-40|°C|°F|1}} with no wind, because of [[temperature inversion]]. Most of the annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] of {{convert|267|mm|2}} falls from May to September. The highest recorded annual precipitation in the city was {{convert|659|mm|2|disp=or}} at the Khureltogoot Astronomical Observatory on Bogd Khan Mountain. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of {{convert|0.2|°C|1|disp=or}},<ref name="HKO">{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/china/ulaanbaatar_e.htm|publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]|access-date=14 April 2010|title=Climatological Normals of Ulan Bator|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023104134/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/china/ulaanbaatar_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> making it the coldest capital in the world (almost as cold as [[Nuuk]], [[Greenland]], but Greenland is not independent). Nuuk has a tundra climate with consistent cold temperatures throughout the year. Ulaanbaatar's annual average is brought down by its cold winter temperatures even though it is significantly warm from late April to early October.

The city lies in the zone of [[discontinuous permafrost]], which means that building is difficult in sheltered locations that preclude thawing in the summer, but easier on more exposed ones where soils fully thaw. Suburban residents live in traditional [[yurt]]s that do not protrude into the soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coldcapital.htm|title=Coldest Capital Cities|author=Matt Rosenberg|work=About.com Education|access-date=2006-11-11|archive-date=2011-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228065444/http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coldcapital.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Extreme temperatures in the city range from {{convert|-43.9|°C|°F}} in January 1957 to {{convert|39.0|°C|°F}} in July 1988.<ref name="pogoda" />

{{Weather box
| location = Ulaanbaatar, elevation {{convert|1303|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1869–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = 
| Jan record high C = 0.0
| Feb record high C = 11.3
| Mar record high C = 18.9
| Apr record high C = 28.7
| May record high C = 33.5
| Jun record high C = 38.3
| Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 31.7
| Oct record high C = 22.5
| Nov record high C = 13.0
| Dec record high C = 6.1
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C = -15.5
| Feb high C = -9.4
| Mar high C = -0.2
| Apr high C = 10.4
| May high C = 17.8
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 23.0
| Sep high C = 17.2
| Oct high C = 7.7
| Nov high C = -4.8
| Dec high C = -13.7
| year high C = 6.7
| Jan mean C = -21.3
| Feb mean C = -16.2
| Mar mean C = -6.7
| Apr mean C = 3.0
| May mean C = 10.2
| Jun mean C = 16.6
| Jul mean C = 19.0
| Aug mean C = 16.6
| Sep mean C = 10.0
| Oct mean C = 0.9
| Nov mean C = -10.6
| Dec mean C = -19.0
| year mean C = 0.2
| Jan low C = -25.6
| Feb low C = -21.7
| Mar low C = -12.6
| Apr low C = -3.3
| May low C = 3.5
| Jun low C = 10.3
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 11.1
| Sep low C = 4.1
| Oct low C = -4.5
| Nov low C = -15.1
| Dec low C = -22.9
| year low C = -5.3
| Jan record low C = -43.9
| Feb record low C = -42.2
| Mar record low C = -37.2
| Apr record low C = -26.1
| May record low C = -16.1
| Jun record low C = -3.9
| Jul record low C = -0.2
| Aug record low C = -2.8
| Sep record low C = -13.4
| Oct record low C = -20.0
| Nov record low C = -35.0
| Dec record low C = -42.2
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 2.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 2.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 4.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 8.4
| May precipitation mm = 21.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 47.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 74.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 65.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 27.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 8.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 6.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 3.5
| year precipitation mm = 
| unit precipitation days =  1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =1.3
| Feb precipitation days  =1.6
| Mar precipitation days  =1.8
| Apr precipitation days  =2.5
| May precipitation days  =3.7
| Jun precipitation days  =6.7
| Jul precipitation days  =9.9
| Aug precipitation days  =8.8
| Sep precipitation days  =4.9
| Oct precipitation days  =2.1
| Nov precipitation days  =2.8
| Dec precipitation days  =1.7
| year precipitation days =
| Jan rain days = 0
| Feb rain days = 0
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 3
| May rain days = 8
| Jun rain days = 14
| Jul rain days = 17
| Aug rain days = 15
| Sep rain days = 9
| Oct rain days = 2
| Nov rain days = 0.1
| Dec rain days = 0
| year rain days = 68
| Jan snow days = 10
| Feb snow days = 7
| Mar snow days = 7
| Apr snow days = 6
| May snow days = 4
| Jun snow days = 0.1
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 2
| Oct snow days = 6
| Nov snow days = 9
| Dec snow days = 11
| year snow days = 62
| Jan humidity = 74.7
| Feb humidity = 69.5
| Mar humidity = 57.6
| Apr humidity = 44.2
| May humidity = 42.7
| Jun humidity = 50.1
| Jul humidity = 58.2
| Aug humidity = 60.8
| Sep humidity = 56.1
| Oct humidity = 56.9
| Nov humidity = 68.3
| Dec humidity = 75.1
| year humidity = 62
<!-- Dubious dew point values
| Jan dew point C =-24.4
| Feb dew point C =-18.0
| Mar dew point C =-5.4
| Apr dew point C =6.0
| May dew point C =14.7
| Jun dew point C =21.1
| Jul dew point C =22.9
| Aug dew point C =19.6
| Sep dew point C =12.1
| Oct dew point C =1.4
| Nov dew point C =-11.6
| Dec dew point C =-21.8
-->
| Jan sun = 164.2
| Feb sun = 203.5
| Mar sun = 257.4
| Apr sun = 265.3
| May sun = 297.9
| Jun sun = 282.3
| Jul sun = 278.3
| Aug sun = 265.2
| Sep sun = 249.5
| Oct sun = 227.6
| Nov sun = 175.4
| Dec sun = 137.7
| year sun = 
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>
{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/44292.htm|script-title=ru:КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА|publisher=Pogoda.ru.net|language=ru|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]](humidity-sun 1991-2020)<ref name="WMOCLINO">{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717012832/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Mongolia/CSV/Ulaanbaatar_44292.csv | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Mongolia/CSV/Ulaanbaatar_44292.csv |format=CSV |archive-format=CSV | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ulaanbaatar | publisher = [[NCEI|National Centers for Environmental Information]] | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| width = 
| collapsed = 
| location = [[Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport]] weather station (WMO identifier: 44291) (between 1991-2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan dew point C = -24.7
| Feb dew point C = -20.9
| Mar dew point C = -14.5
| Apr dew point C = -9.6
| May dew point C = -3.8
| Jun dew point C = 4.5
| Jul dew point C = 9.4
| Aug dew point C = 7.9
| Sep dew point C = 0.5
| Oct dew point C = -7.6
| Nov dew point C = -15.7
| Dec dew point C = -22.6
| source = [https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Mongolia/CSV/Ulaanbaatar_44292.csv]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Mongolia/CSV/Ulaanbaatar_44292.csv
|title = Climate & Weather Averages at Ulan-Bator weather station
|publisher = NOAA
|access-date = 10 August 2023}}</ref>
}}