Editing Tungsten (section)

==Applications==
[[File:Tungsten filament in halogen lamp.JPG|thumb|Close-up of a tungsten filament inside a [[halogen lamp]]]]
[[File:Tungsten ring-cropbright.jpg|thumb|[[Tungsten carbide]] jewelry]]
Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely [[tungsten carbide]] – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Less than 10% is used in other [[chemical compounds]].<ref name=":1">Erik Lassner, Wolf-Dieter Schubert, Eberhard Lüderitz, Hans Uwe Wolf, "Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a27_229}}.</ref> Because of the high ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten, its products are conventionally manufactured through [[powder metallurgy]], [[spark plasma sintering]], [[chemical vapor deposition]], [[hot isostatic pressing]], and [[thermoplastic]] routes. A more flexible manufacturing alternative is [[selective laser melting]], which is a form of [[3D printing]] and allows creating complex three-dimensional shapes.<ref name="stam">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14686996.2018.1455154|journal=Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.|volume=19|issue=1|pages=370–380|year=2018|title=Selective laser melting of high-performance pure tungsten: parameter design, densification behavior and mechanical properties|pmid=29707073|pmc=5917440|author=Tan, C.|bibcode=2018STAdM..19..370T}}</ref>

=== Industrial ===
Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on [[tungsten carbide]] (WC), one of the hardest [[carbide]]s.  WC is an efficient [[electrical conductor]], but W<sub>2</sub>C is less so.  WC is used to make wear-resistant [[abrasive]]s, and "carbide" cutting tools such as knives, drills, [[circular saw]]s, [[Die (manufacturing)|dies]], [[Milling machine|milling]] and [[Lathe (metal)|turning]] tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, [[mining]], [[petroleum]] and construction industries.<ref name="daintith" /> Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic/metal composite, where metallic cobalt acts as a binding [[Metal matrix composite|(matrix) material]] to hold the WC particles in place.  This type of industrial use accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title = Tungsten|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopaedia
 | url = https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tungsten| access-date = 2020-07-18|author=Don Law-West|author2=Louis Perron}}</ref>

The [[jewelry]] industry makes rings of sintered [[tungsten carbide]], tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060802/http://www.tungstenworld.com/Tungsten-The-Element-History-Uses-and-Wedding-Bands/ Tungsten: The Element, History, Uses and Wedding Bands].tungstenworld.com</ref> WC/metal composite rings use nickel as the metal matrix in place of [[cobalt]] because it takes a higher luster when polished. Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to [[tungsten carbide]] as a metal, but it is a [[ceramic]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=de Laubenfels, Blair|author2=Weber, Christy|author3=Bamberg, Kim
 |title=Knack Planning Your Wedding: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Your Perfect Day
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J63wUzbHxJcC&pg=PA35
 |date=2009|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-1-59921-397-2|pages=35–}}</ref> Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide rings are brittle, however, and may crack under a sharp blow.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schultz, Ken
 |title=Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing: The Only Guide You Need to Catch Freshwater and Saltwater Fish
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4aA5QZqj5kC&pg=PA138
 |date=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-44431-3|pages=138–}}</ref>

===Alloys===
{{Further|Tantalum–tungsten alloys}}
The hardness and heat resistance of tungsten can contribute to useful [[alloy]]s. A good example is [[high-speed steel]], which can contain as much as 18% tungsten.<ref name="w-apps">{{cite web |title=Tungsten Applications – Steel |date=2000–2008 |website=Azom |url=http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1264 |access-date=2008-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815220037/http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1264 |archive-date=2008-08-15}}</ref> Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like [[Rocket engine nozzle|rocket nozzles]], for example in the [[UGM-27 Polaris]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]].<ref>{{cite book |first=P. |last=Ramakrishnan |year=2007 |chapter=Powder metallurgy for Aerospace Applications |title=Powder Metallurgy: Processing for automotive, electrical / electronic, and engineering industry |page=38 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-2030-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9n-rX13bNsAC&pg=PA38}}</ref> Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of applications, including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tungsten Applications |website=wolfmet.com |url=http://www.wolfmet.com/applications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901101650/http://www.wolfmet.com/applications |archive-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> [[Superalloy]]s containing tungsten, such as [[Hastelloy]] and [[Stellite]], are used in [[turbine]] blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings.

Tungsten's heat resistance makes it useful in [[arc welding]] applications when combined with another highly-conductive metal such as silver or copper. The silver or copper provides the necessary conductivity and the tungsten allows the welding rod to withstand the high temperatures of the arc welding environment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TIG Torches & TIG Torch Parts|url=https://www.1stopweldingshop.com/Catalogue/Welding-Supplies/TIG-torches-spares|access-date=2021-05-06|website=AES Industrial Supplies Limited|language=en-GB}}</ref>

====Permanent magnets====
Quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel (approx. 5.5% to 7.0% W with 0.5% to 0.7% C) was used for making hard permanent magnets, due to its high [[remanence]] and [[coercivity]], as noted by [[John Hopkinson]] (1849–1898) as early as 1886. The magnetic properties of a metal or an alloy are very sensitive to microstructure. For example, while the element tungsten is not ferromagnetic (but [[iron]] is), when it is present in steel in these proportions, it stabilizes the [[martensite]] phase, which has greater ferromagnetism than the [[Allotropes of iron|ferrite (iron)]] phase due to its greater resistance to [[Domain wall (magnetism)|magnetic domain wall motion]].

===Military===
Tungsten, usually alloyed with [[nickel]], [[iron]], or [[cobalt]] to form heavy alloys, is used in [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s as an alternative to [[depleted uranium]], in applications where uranium's [[radioactivity]] is problematic even in depleted form, or where uranium's additional [[pyrophoric]] properties are not desired (for example, in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor). Similarly, tungsten alloys have also been used in [[shell (projectile)|shell]]s, [[grenade]]s, and [[missile]]s, to create supersonic shrapnel. Germany used tungsten during World War II to produce shells for anti-tank gun designs using the Gerlich [[squeeze bore]] principle to achieve very high muzzle velocity and enhanced armor penetration from comparatively small caliber and light weight field artillery. The weapons were highly effective but a shortage of tungsten used in the shell core, caused in part by the [[Wolfram Crisis]], limited their use.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Tungsten has also been used in [[dense inert metal explosive]]s, which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828040248/http://www.defense-update.com/products/d/dime.htm Dense Inert Metal Explosive (DIME)]. Defense-update.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-07.</ref>

===Chemical applications===
[[Tungsten(IV) sulfide]] is a high temperature [[lubricant]] and is a component of catalysts for [[hydrodesulfurization]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Delmon, Bernard|author2=Froment, Gilbert F.|name-list-style=amp|title=Hydrotreatment and hydrocracking of oil fractions: proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th European workshop, Antwerpen, Belgium, November 14–17, 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RseZG0_4Ks4C&pg=PA351|access-date=18 December 2011|date=1999|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-50214-8|pages=351–}}</ref> MoS<sub>2</sub> is more commonly used for such applications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mang, Theo|author2=Dresel, Wilfried|name-list-style=amp|title=Lubricants and Lubrication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryKplDzZ_AoC&pg=PA695|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-61033-4|pages=695–}}</ref>

Tungsten [[oxide]]s are used in [[ceramic]] glazes and [[calcium]]/[[magnesium]] tungstates are used widely in [[fluorescent lighting]]. Crystal [[tungstate]]s are used as [[scintillator|scintillation detectors]] in [[nuclear physics]] and [[nuclear medicine]]. Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] industries.<ref name="desu" />
Tungsten oxide (WO<sub>3</sub>) is incorporated into [[selective catalytic reduction]] (SCR) catalysts found in coal-fired power plants. These catalysts convert [[nitrogen oxide]]s ([[NOx|NO<sub>x</sub>]]) to nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O) using ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). The tungsten oxide helps with the physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Spivey, James J.|title=Catalysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVXnmPGCVOMC&pg=PA239|access-date=18 December 2011|date=2002|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-224-1|pages=239–}}</ref> Tungsten containing catalysts are promising for epoxidation,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewandowski |first1=Grzegorz |last2=Kujbida |first2=Marcin |last3=Wróblewska |first3=Agnieszka |title=Epoxidation of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene with hydrogen peroxide under phase-transfer catalysis conditions: influence of selected parameters on the course of epoxidation |journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis |date=1 April 2021 |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=983–1001 |doi=10.1007/s11144-021-01960-7 |language=en |issn=1878-5204|doi-access=free }}</ref> oxidation,<ref>{{cite book |title=Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts. |date=2011 |pages=165–170 |url=https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1199619_5/component/file_1199618/content}}</ref> and hydrogenolysis reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Lujie |last2=Asano |first2=Takehiro |last3=Nakagawa |first3=Yoshinao |last4=Gu |first4=Minyan |last5=Li |first5=Congcong |last6=Tamura |first6=Masazumi |last7=Tomishige |first7=Keiichi |title=Structure and performance relationship of silica-supported platinum–tungsten catalysts in selective C-O hydrogenolysis of glycerol and 1,4-anhydroerythritol |journal=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental |date=5 September 2021 |volume=292 |page=120164 |doi=10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120164 |bibcode=2021AppCB.29220164L }}</ref> Tungsten heteropoly acids are key component of multifunctional catalysts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kornas |first1=A. |last2=Śliwa |first2=M. |last3=Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk |first3=M. |last4=Samson |first4=K. |last5=Podobiński |first5=J. |last6=Karcz |first6=R. |last7=Duraczyńska |first7=D. |last8=Rutkowska-Zbik |first8=D. |last9=Grabowski |first9=R. |title=Direct hydrogenation of CO2 to dimethyl ether (DME) over hybrid catalysts containing CuO/ZrO2 as a metallic function and heteropolyacids as an acidic function |journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis |date=1 June 2020 |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=179–194 |doi=10.1007/s11144-020-01778-9 |language=en |issn=1878-5204|doi-access=free }}</ref>  Tungstates can be used as photocatalyst,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Willison E. O. |last2=Lopes |first2=Anna S. C. |last3=Monteiro |first3=Waldinei R. |last4=Filho |first4=Geraldo N. R. |last5=Nobre |first5=Francisco X. |last6=Luz |first6=Patrícia T. S. |last7=Nascimento |first7=Luís A. S. |last8=Costa |first8=Carlos E. F. |last9=Monteiro |first9=Wesley F. |last10=Vieira |first10=Michele O. |last11=Zamian |first11=José R. |title=Layered double hydroxides as heterostructure LDH@Bi2WO6 oriented toward visible-light-driven applications: synthesis, characterization, and its photocatalytic properties |journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis |date=1 October 2020 |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=505–524 |doi=10.1007/s11144-020-01830-8 |s2cid=220948033 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-020-01830-8 |language=en |issn=1878-5204}}</ref> while the tungsten sulfide as electrocatalyst.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maslana |first1=K. |last2=Wenelska |first2=K. |last3=Biegun |first3=M. |last4=Mijowska |first4=E. |title=High catalytic performance of tungsten disulphide rodes in oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline solutions |journal=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental |date=5 June 2020 |volume=266 |page=118575 |doi=10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118575 |bibcode=2020AppCB.26618575M |s2cid=213246090 }}</ref>

===Niche uses===
Applications requiring its high density include weights, [[Mallory metal|counterweights]], ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for commercial aircraft, rotor weights for civil and military helicopters, and as ballast in race cars for [[NASCAR]] and [[Formula One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auto123.com/en/racing-news/f1-technique-the-secrets-of-ballast-in-a-formula-1-car?artid=158384 |title=F1 Technique: The secrets of ballast in a Formula 1 car |work=Auto123.com |date=2013-12-25 |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Being slightly less than twice the density, tungsten is seen as an alternative (albeit more expensive) to lead [[fishing sinker]]s. [[Depleted uranium]] is also used for these purposes, due to similarly high density. Seventy-five-kg blocks of tungsten were used as "cruise balance mass devices" on the entry vehicle portion of the 2012 [[Mars Science Laboratory]] spacecraft. It is an ideal material to use as a [[dolly (tool)|dolly]] for [[riveting]], where the mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar. High-density alloys of tungsten with nickel, copper or iron are used in high-quality [[darts]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUyO7jgvOQUC&pg=PA24|page=24|title=Tungsten|author=Turrell, Kerry|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7614-1548-0}}</ref> (to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings) or for [[Fly tying|artificial flies]] (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Tungsten is also used as a heavy bolt to lower the rate of fire of the [[Cobray Company|SWD M11/9]] sub-machine gun from 1300 RPM to 700 RPM.  Some [[string instrument]] strings incorporates tungsten.<ref>{{cite book | last=Prieto | first=Carlos | title=The Adventures of a Cello | publisher=University of Texas Press | publication-place=Austin | date=2011-02-01 | isbn=978-0-292-72393-1|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pickering N. C. |date=1991|title=The Bowed String: Observations on the Design, Manufacture, Testing and Performance of Strings for Violins, Violas and Cellos|location=Mattituck, New York |publisher=Amereon |pages=5–6, 17}}</ref> Tungsten is used as an absorber on the electron telescope on the [[Cosmic Ray System]] of the two [[Voyager program|Voyager spacecraft]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments.html#HET | title = CRS Instruments | publisher = NASA | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201052738/https://voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments.html#HET | archive-date = 2017-02-01 }}</ref>

===Gold substitution===
Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to [[gold]] or [[platinum]].<ref name="albert" /><ref>{{cite book|isbn = 978-0-313-33507-5| chapter = tungsten|pages = 190–192| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA190|author = Hesse, Rayner W.|date = 2007|publisher = Greenwood Press|location = Westport, Conn.|title = Jewelrymaking through history: an encyclopedia}}</ref> Metallic tungsten is [[hypoallergenic]], and is harder than gold alloys (though not as hard as tungsten carbide), making it useful for [[ring (finger)|rings]] that will resist scratching, especially in designs with a [[brushed finish]].

Because the density is so similar to that of gold (tungsten is only 0.36% less dense), and its price of the order of one-thousandth, tungsten can also be used in [[counterfeiting]] of [[gold bar]]s, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold,<ref name="popsci">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-03/how-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars|title=How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars|last=Gray|first=Theo|date=March 14, 2008|magazine=[[Popular Science]]|access-date=2008-06-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174828/http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-03/how-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars|archive-date=December 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.kitco.com/ind/willie/nov182009.html Zinc Dimes, Tungsten Gold & Lost Respect] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008050729/http://www.kitco.com/ind/willie/nov182009.html |date=2011-10-08 }}", Jim Willie, Nov 18 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.coinupdate.com/largest-private-refinery-discovers-gold-plated-tungsten-bar-0171/|title=Largest Private Refinery Discovers Gold-Plated Tungsten Bar – Coin Update|website=news.coinupdate.com}}</ref> which has been observed since the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite news
 |agency        = Reuters
 |title       = Austrians Seize False Gold Tied to London Bullion Theft
 |work        = The New York Times
 |access-date  = 2012-03-25
 |date        = 1983-12-22
 |url         = https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/22/world/austrians-seize-false-gold-tied-to-london-bullion-theft.html
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327020539/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/22/world/austrians-seize-false-gold-tied-to-london-bullion-theft.html
 |archive-date = 2012-03-27
}}</ref> or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods.<ref>[http://ausbullion.blogspot.com.au/2012/03/tungsten-filled-gold-bars.html Tungsten filled Gold bars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326145127/http://ausbullion.blogspot.com.au/2012/03/tungsten-filled-gold-bars.html |date=2012-03-26 }}, ABC Bullion, Thursday, March 22, 2012</ref> The densities are not exactly the same, and other properties of gold and tungsten differ, but gold-plated tungsten will pass superficial tests.<ref name="popsci" />

Gold-plated tungsten is available commercially from China (the main source of tungsten), both in jewelry and as bars.<ref>[http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy11.htm Tungsten Alloy for Gold Substitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322123252/http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy11.htm |date=2012-03-22 }}, China Tungsten</ref>

===Electronics===
Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high [[melting point]], elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications,<ref>{{cite book| author = DeGarmo, E. Paul|title = Materials and Processes in Manufacturing| url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h7m4| url-access = registration|edition = 5th|publisher = New York: MacMillan Publishing|date = 1979}}</ref> such as [[incandescent light bulb]], [[cathode-ray tube]], and [[vacuum tube]] filaments, [[heating element]]s, and [[rocket engine]] nozzles.<ref name="albert" /> Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the [[gas tungsten arc welding]] process (also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cary |first1=Howard B. |last2=Helzer |first2=Scott |year=2005 |title=Modern welding Technology |edition=6th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-113029-6}}</ref>

[[File:TIG torch breakdown.JPG|thumb|Tungsten electrode used in a [[gas tungsten arc welding]] torch]]
[[File:Tungsten filament in an incandescent light.JPG|thumb|Tungsten filament is used in incandescent lightbulbs, where it is heated until it glows]]

Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in [[electrode]]s, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use [[field emission gun]]s, such as [[electron microscope]]s. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in [[integrated circuit]]s, between the [[silicon dioxide]] [[dielectric]] material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or [[molybdenum]]) on [[silicon]].<ref name="manny">{{cite book| author = Schey, John A.|title = Introduction to Manufacturing Processes|edition = 2nd|publisher = McGraw-Hill, Inc.|date = 1987}}</ref>

The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for [[X-ray]] targets,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PrMwHqXl0C&pg=PA29 | pages = 29–35 | title = Christensen's physics of diagnostic radiology | isbn = 978-0-8121-1310-5 | last1 = Curry | first1 = Thomas S. | last2 = Dowdey | first2 = James E. | last3 = Murry | first3 = Robert C. | last4 = Christensen | first4 = Edward E. | date = 1990-08-01 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111192331/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PrMwHqXl0C&pg=PA29 | archive-date = 2017-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="patent">Hasz, Wayne Charles ''et al.'' (August 6, 2002) "X-ray target" {{US patent|6428904}}</ref> and also for shielding from high-energy [[radiation]]s (such as in the [[radiopharmaceutical]] industry for shielding radioactive samples of [[Fludeoxyglucose (18F)|FDG]]). It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made, due to its excellent shielding properties. Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in [[plastic]] composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for [[lead]] in [[bullet]]s, [[lead shot|shot]], and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion is similar to [[borosilicate glass]], it is used for making glass-to-metal seals.<ref name="desu" /> In addition to its high melting point, when tungsten is doped with potassium, it leads to an increased shape stability (compared with non-doped tungsten). This ensures that the filament does not sag, and no undesired changes occur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ucfilament.com/nonsag-tungsten/|title=Non-Sag Doped Tungsten – Union City Filament|work=Union City Filament|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=2017-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501091144/http://ucfilament.com/nonsag-tungsten/}}</ref>

Tungsten is used in producing vibration motors, also known as mobile vibrators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.samaterials.com/content/how-much-gold-can-an-iphone-refine.html |title=How Much Gold Can an iPhone Refine? |last=Trento |first=Chin |date=Mar 8, 2024 |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=June 26, 2024}}</ref>  These motors are integral components that provide tactile feedback to users, alerting them to incoming calls, messages, and notifications.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=8558677B2 |status=patent |title=Tactile alerting mechanism for portable communications device |invent1=S. Stephen |pubdate=Oct 10, 2013}}</ref> Tungsten's high density, hardness, and wear resistance property helps to endure the high-speed rotational vibrations these motors generate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nissen |first1=Nils F. |last2=Reinhold |first2=Julia |title=EcoDesign and Sustainability I: Products, Services, and Business Models |chapter=Recyclability of Tungsten, Tantalum and Neodymium from Smartphones |pages=365–381 |publisher=Springer Singapore |year=2021 |editor-last1=Inoue |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Fukushige |editor-first2=S. |isbn=978-981-15-6779-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Micallef |first1=Christian |last2=Zhuk |first2=Yuri |date=2020 |title=Recent Progress in Precision Machining and Surface Finishing of Tungsten Carbide Hard Composite Coatings |journal=Coatings |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=731 |doi=10.3390/coatings10080731|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Nanowires===
Through top-down [[nanofabrication]] processes, tungsten [[nanowire]]s have been fabricated and studied since 2002.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Li Yadong| title=From Surfactant–Inorganic Mesostructures to Tungsten Nanowires| journal=Angewandte Chemie| year=2002| volume=114| issue=2| pages=333–335| doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20020118)41:2<333::AID-ANIE333>3.0.CO;2-5| pmid=12491423| bibcode=2002AngCh.114..343L}}</ref> Due to a particularly high surface to volume ratio, the formation of a surface oxide layer and the single crystal nature of such material, the mechanical properties differ fundamentally from those of bulk tungsten.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Nanomechanics of single crystalline tungsten nanowires | journal = Journal of Nanomaterials | volume = 2008 | pages = 1–9 | year = 2008 | author = Volker Cimalla| doi = 10.1155/2008/638947 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0019-4CC6-3 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Such tungsten nanowires have potential applications in [[nanoelectronics]] and importantly as pH probes and gas sensors.<ref>{{cite journal | title=High-sensitivity hydrocarbon sensors based on tungsten oxide nanowires| journal= Journal of Materials Chemistry | year= 2006| author = CNR Rao}}</ref> In similarity to [[silicon nanowire]]s, tungsten nanowires are frequently produced from a bulk tungsten precursor followed by a [[thermal oxidation]] step to control morphology in terms of length and aspect ratio.<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Liu| first1=M.| last2= Peng |first2=J.| display-authors= etal |title= Two-dimensional modeling of the self-limiting oxidation in silicon and tungsten nanowires | journal= Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters | year= 2016 | volume=6 | issue=5 | pages=195–199 | doi= 10.1016/j.taml.2016.08.002|arxiv=1911.08908 | doi-access= free | bibcode=2016TAML....6..195L}}</ref> Using the [[Deal–Grove model]] it is possible to predict the oxidation kinetics of nanowires fabricated through such thermal oxidation processing.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/stfpage/elettl/PDF%20files/E-publications/2010-JAP-108-YouGF-Thermal%20oxidation%20of%20polycrystalline%20tungsten%20nanowire.pdf | journal = Journal of Applied Physics | volume = 108 | issue = 9 | pages = 094312–094312–6 | year = 2010 | title = Thermal oxidation of polycrystalline tungsten nanowire | author = JTL Thong | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001309/https://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/stfpage/elettl/PDF%20files/E-publications/2010-JAP-108-YouGF-Thermal%20oxidation%20of%20polycrystalline%20tungsten%20nanowire.pdf | archive-date = 2017-03-15 | doi=10.1063/1.3504248| bibcode = 2010JAP...108i4312Y }}</ref>

=== Fusion power ===
Due to its high melting point and good erosion resistance, tungsten is a lead candidate for the most exposed sections of the plasma-facing inner wall of [[nuclear fusion]] [[Fusion power|reactors]]. Tungsten, as a plasma-facing component material, features exceptionally low [[tritium]] retention through co-deposition and implantation, which enhances safety by minimizing radioactive inventory, improves fuel efficiency by making more fuel available for fusion reactions, and supports operational continuity by reducing the need for frequent fuel removal from surfaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=Joachim |last2=Tsitrone |first2=E. |last3=Loarte |first3=A. |last4=Loarer |first4=Th. |last5=Counsell |first5=G. |last6=Neu |first6=R. |last7=Philipps |first7=V. |last8=Brezinsek |first8=S. |last9=Lehnen |first9=M. |last10=Coad |first10=P. |last11=Grisolia |first11=Ch. |last12=Schmid |first12=K. |last13=Krieger |first13=K. |last14=Kallenbach |first14=A. |last15=Lipschultz |first15=B. |last16=Doerner |first16=R. |last17=Causey |first17=R. |last18=Alimov |first18=V. |last19=Shu |first19=W. |last20=Ogorodnikova |first20=O. |last21=Kirschner |first21=A. |last22=Federici |first22=G. |last23=Kukushkin |first23=A. |title=Recent analysis of key plasma wall interactions issues for ITER |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |date=2009 |volume=390-391 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.037 |bibcode=2009JNuM..390....1R |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0026-F442-2 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022311509000506 |issn=0022-3115|hdl-access=free }}</ref> It will be used as the [[plasma-facing material]] of the [[divertor]] in the [[ITER]] reactor,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pitts|first1=R. A.|last2=Carpentier|first2=S.|last3=Escourbiac|first3=F.|last4=Hirai|first4=T.|last5=Komarov|first5=V.|last6=Lisgo|first6=S.|last7=Kukushkin|first7=A. S.|last8=Loarte|first8=A.|last9=Merola|first9=M.|last10=Sashala Naik|first10=A.|last11=Mitteau|first11=R.|date=2013-07-01|title=A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status|journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials|series=Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices|language=en|volume=438|pages=S48–S56|doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.008|bibcode=2013JNuM..438S..48P|issn=0022-3115}}</ref> and is currently in use in the [[Joint European Torus|JET]] test reactor.