Editing Tuff (section)

==Importance==
The primary economic value of tuff is as a building material. In the ancient world, tuff's relative softness meant that it was commonly used for construction where it was available.<ref name="dolan-etal-2019"/> 

===Italy===
Tuff is common in Italy, and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] used it for many buildings and bridges.<ref name="jackson-etal-2005"/> For example, the whole port of the island of [[Ventotene]] (still in use), was carved from tuff. The [[Servian Wall]], built to defend the city of [[Rome]] in the fourth century BC, is also built almost entirely from tuff.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panei |first1=Liliana |title=The tuffs of the "Servian Wall" in Rome: Materials from the local quarries and from the conquered territories |journal=ArchéoSciences |date=10 April 2010 |issue=34 |pages=39–43 |doi=10.4000/archeosciences.2599|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Romans also cut tuff into small, rectangular stones that they used to create walls in a pattern known as ''[[opus reticulatum]]''.<ref>Giavarini, Carlo, A. Samueli Ferretti, and Maria Laura Santarelli. 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GM47EQvTXeEC&dq=opus+reticulatum&pg=PA107 "Mechanical characteristics of Roman 'opus caementicium'"]. ''Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones. Applications in the Restoration of Ancient Monuments.'' pp. 108, 110</ref>

[[Peperino]] has been used in Rome and Naples as a building stone, is a [[trachyte]] tuff. [[Pozzolana]] also is a decomposed tuff, but of basic character, originally obtained near [[Naples]] and used as a [[cement]], but this name is now applied to a number of substances not always of identical character. In the historical architecture of Naples, Neapolitan yellow tuff is the most used building material.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053 | doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053 | title=The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: An outstanding example of heterogeneity | date=2017 | last1=Colella | first1=A. | last2=Di Benedetto | first2=C. | last3=Calcaterra | first3=D. | last4=Cappelletti | first4=P. | last5=d'Amore | first5=M. | last6=Di Martire | first6=D. | last7=Graziano | first7=S.F. | last8=Papa | first8=L. | last9=De Gennaro | first9=M. | last10=Langella | first10=A. | journal=Construction and Building Materials | volume=136 | pages=361–373 }}</ref> [[Piperno]] [[ignimbrite]] tuff was also used widely in Naples and Campania.

===Germany===
In the [[Eifel]] region of Germany, a trachytic, pumiceous tuff called [[trass]] has been extensively worked as a hydraulic [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Tuff|inline=1}}</ref> Tuff of the Eifel region of [[Germany]] has been widely used for construction of railroad stations and other buildings in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and other large cities.{{sfn|Schmincke|2003|pp=280-281}} Construction using the ''[[Rochlitz]] Porphyr'', can be seen in the [[Mannerism|Mannerist]]-style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in [[Colditz Castle]].<ref>[[Georg Dehio]]: ''Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen II.'' [[Deutscher Kunstverlag]], München, Berlin 1998, p. 160</ref> The trade name ''Rochlitz Porphyr'' is the traditional designation for a [[dimension stone]] of [[Saxony]] with an architectural history over 1,000 years in Germany. The quarries are located near Rochlitz.<ref>Heiner Siedel: ''Sächsische „Porphyrtuffe" aus dem Rotliegend als Baugesteine: Vorkommen und Abbau, Anwendung, Eigenschaften und Verwitterung''. In: Institut für Steinkonservierung e. V. Bericht Nr. 22, 2006, p. 47-58. {{cite web |url=http://www.tu-dresden.de/biw/geotechnik/geologie/publikationen/download/Tuffe_IfS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-05-09  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611074858/http://www.tu-dresden.de/biw/geotechnik/geologie/publikationen/download/Tuffe_IfS.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-11 }}</ref>

===United States===
[[Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository]], a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste, is in tuff and ignimbrite in the [[Basin and Range Province]] in [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Jane C .S. |last2=Ewing |first2=Rodney C. |title=YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Earth-Science Issues at a Geologic Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=19 May 2004 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=363–401 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.32.092203.122444|bibcode=2004AREPS..32..363L }}</ref> In [[Napa Valley]] and [[Sonoma Valley]], [[California]], areas made of tuff are routinely excavated for storage of wine barrels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kositsky |first1=Andrew |last2=Lewis |first2=Scott |title=Seismic Performance of Wine Caves |journal=The World Tunnel Conference |date=2016 |url=https://condorearth.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Seismic-Performance-of-Tunnels-Rev-20160105.pdf |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

===Rapa Nui===
Tuff from Rano Raraku was used by the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island to make the vast majority of their famous [[moai]] statues.<ref name="collins-2016-150-151"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Easter-Island.jpg|[[Ahu Tongariki]] on Easter Island, with 15 [[moai]] made of tuff from [[Rano Raraku]] crater: The second moai from the right has a [[Pukao]] ("topknot") which is made of red [[scoria]].
Image:20090513090DR Colditz Schloß Portal Kirchenhaus.jpg|The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at [[Colditz Castle]], [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]], designed by [[Andreas Walther II]] (1584)
</gallery>

===Armenia===
Tuff is used extensively in [[Armenia]] and [[Armenian architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Holding|first=N.|title=Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP8ogKCfrt0C&q=%22volcanic+tuff%22+armenia+building+stone&pg=PA32|access-date=May 26, 2010|year=2006|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]]|isbn=978-1-84162-163-0|page=32}}</ref> It is the dominant type of stone used in construction in Armenia's capital [[Yerevan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Billock |first1=Jennifer |title=How Ancient Volcanoes Created Armenia's Pink City |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/yerevan-armenias-pink-city-180961506/ |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113744/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/yerevan-armenias-pink-city-180961506/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |quote=...pink tuff is rare outside of the region and Yerevan is the only major city built out of this stone.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lottman |first1=Herbert R. |author-link1=Herbert Lottman |title=Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/29/archives/despite-ages-of-captivity-the-armenians-persevere-armenia-a-hint-of.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 February 1976 |quote=The city, whose population is now upwards of 800,000, has been rebuilt in the rosy volcanic stone called tufa...}}</ref> [[Gyumri]], Armenia's second largest city, and [[Ani]], the country's medieval capital, now in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haviland |first1=William A |last2=Harald |first2=E. L. Prins |last3=Dana |first3=Walrath |last4=McBride |first4=Bunny |title=The Essence of Anthropology |date=2015 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Th-BAAAQBAJ&dq=ani+tuff+stone&pg=PA137 137] |edition=4th |quote=...walls of monumental buildings at Ani (including the fortifications) were built of smoothly dressed blocks of tuff stone...}}</ref> A small village in Armenia was renamed [[Tufashen]] (literally "built of tuff") in 1946.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hakobian |first1=T. Kh. |last2=Melik-Bakhshian |first2=St. T. |last3=Barseghian |first3=H. Kh. |author-link1=Tadevos Hakobyan |author-link2=:hy:Ստեփան Մելիք-Բախշյան |author-link3=:hy:Հովհաննես Բարսեղյան |title=Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Surrounding Regions] Volume V |date=2001 |publisher=Yerevan University Press |page=[http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&query=%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6 147] |language=hy |chapter=Տուֆաշեն [Tufashen] }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" perrow="3">
File:Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg|Armenia's [[Government_House,_Yerevan|Government House]] in Yerevan's [[Republic Square, Yerevan|Republic Square]], built of yellow tuff 
File:Holy_Saviour%27s_Church,_Gyumri.jpg|[[Holy Saviour's Church, Gyumri|Holy Saviour's Church]] in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff 
File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|[[Cathedral of Ani]], early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of [[Ani]] (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff<ref>{{cite book|last=Hakobyan|first=Tadevos Kh.|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|title=Անի մայրաքաղաք [Ani the Capital]|date=1988|publisher=[[Yerevan State University|Yerevan University Press]]|location=Yerevan|page=118|language=hy}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Tephrochronology===
{{Main|Tephrochronology}}
[[File:Pilar Formation outcrop.jpg|thumb|Pilar Formation outcrop showing metatuff beds used for radiometric dating]]

Tuffs are deposited geologically instantaneously and often over a large region. This makes them highly useful as time-stratigraphic markers. The use of tuffs and other tephra deposits in this manner is known as tephrochronology and is particularly useful for [[Quaternary]] chronostratigraphy. Individual tuff beds can be "fingerprinted" by their chemical composition and phenocryst assemblages.<ref name="philpotts-ague-2009-74">Philpotts and Ague 2009, p. 74</ref> Absolute ages for tuff beds can be determined by [[K-Ar]], [[Argon–argon dating|Ar-Ar]], or [[carbon-14 dating]].{{sfn|Fisher|Schmincke|1984|pp=352-356}} [[Zircon]] grains found in many tuffs are highly durable and can survive even metamorphism of the host tuff to schist, allowing absolute ages to be assigned to ancient metamorphic rocks. For example, dating of zircons in a metamorphosed tuff bed in the [[Pilar Formation]] provided some of the first evidence for the [[Picuris orogeny]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daniel |first1=Christopher G. |last2=Pfeifer |first2=Lily S. |last3=Jones |first3=James V III |last4=McFarlane |first4=Christopher M. |title=Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=2013 |volume=125 |issue=9–10 |pages=1423–1441 |doi=10.1130/B30804.1 |bibcode=2013GSAB..125.1423D |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/125/9-10/1423/125945/Detrital-zircon-evidence-for-non-Laurentian?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>