Editing Triboelectric effect (section)

=== Friction and adhesion from tribocharging ===
[[Friction]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Valentin L. |date=2015 |title=The research works of Coulomb and Amontons and generalized laws of friction |journal=Friction |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–190 |doi=10.1007/s40544-015-0074-6 |s2cid=256405946 |issn=2223-7704|doi-access=free }}</ref> is a retarding force due to different [[Friction#The origin of friction|energy dissipation]] process such as elastic and plastic deformation, phonon and electron excitation, and also [[Tribology#The cohesion theory|adhesion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stachowiak |first1=Gwidon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8p0x2S1dwC |title=Engineering Tribology |last2=Batchelor |first2=Andrew W. |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-053103-8 |language=en}}</ref>  As an example, in a car or any other vehicle the wheels elastically deform as they roll. Part of the energy needed for this deformation is recovered ([[Elastic Deformation|elastic deformation]]), some is not and goes into heating the tires. The energy which is not recovered contributes to the back force, a process called [[rolling friction]].

Similar to rolling friction there are energy terms in charge transfer, which contribute to friction. In [[static friction]] there is coupling between elastic strains, polarization and surface charge which contributes to the frictional force.<ref name=":29" /> In sliding friction,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Persson |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jb-nZMnRGYC&q=kinetic+friction |title=Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications |date=2000 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-67192-3 |language=en}}</ref> when asperities contact<ref name=":18" /> and there is charge transfer, some of the charge returns as the contacts are released, some does not<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ko |first1=Hyunseok |last2=Lim |first2=Yeong-won |last3=Han |first3=Seungwu |last4=Jeong |first4=Chang Kyu |last5=Cho |first5=Sung Beom |date=2021 |title=Triboelectrification: Backflow and Stuck Charges Are Key |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01019 |journal=ACS Energy Letters |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=2792–2799 |doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01019 |s2cid=237720731 |issn=2380-8195}}</ref> and will contribute to the macroscopically observed friction. There is evidence for a retarding [[Coulomb Force|Coulomb force]] between asperities of different charges,<ref name="Burgo1">{{Cite journal |last1=Burgo |first1=Thiago A. L. |last2=Silva |first2=Cristiane A. |last3=Balestrin |first3=Lia B. S. |last4=Galembeck |first4=Fernando |date=2013 |title=Friction coefficient dependence on electrostatic tribocharging |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2384 |doi=10.1038/srep02384 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=3740278 |pmid=23934227|bibcode=2013NatSR...3E2384B }}</ref> and an increase in the adhesion from contact electrification when geckos walk on water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Izadi |first1=Hadi |last2=Stewart |first2=Katherine M. E. |last3=Penlidis |first3=Alexander |date=2014 |title=Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |language=en |volume=11 |issue=98 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2014.0371 |issn=1742-5689 |pmc=4233685 |pmid=25008078}}</ref> There is also evidence of connections between jerky (stick–slip) processes during sliding with charge transfer,<ref name=":12" /> electrical discharge<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schnurmann |first1=Robert |last2=Warlow-Davies |first2=Eric |date=1942 |title=The electrostatic component of the force of sliding friction |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0959-5309/54/1/303 |journal=Proceedings of the Physical Society |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=14–27 |doi=10.1088/0959-5309/54/1/303 |bibcode=1942PPS....54...14S |issn=0959-5309}}</ref> and x-ray emission.<ref name="Putterman08" /> How large the triboelectric contribution is to friction has been debated. It has been suggested by some<ref name="Burgo1" /> that it may dominate for polymers, whereas Harper<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=W. R. |date=1955 |title=Adhesion and charging of quartz surfaces |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1955.0182 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences |language=en |volume=231 |issue=1186 |pages=388–403 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1955.0182 |bibcode=1955RSPSA.231..388H |s2cid=137276822 |issn=0080-4630}}</ref>  has argued that it is small.