Editing Toulouse (section)

===19th century===
On 10 April 1814, four days after [[Napoleon]]'s surrender of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] to the nations of the [[Sixth Coalition]] (a fact that the two armies involved were not yet aware of), the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] pitted the Hispanic-British troops of Field Marshal [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] against the French troops of Napoleonic Marshal [[Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult|Soult]], who, although they managed to resist, were forced to withdraw. Toulouse was thus the scene of the last Franco-British battle on French territory.<ref>Anne Le Stang, ''Histoire de Toulouse illustrée'', {{p.|150}}.</ref>

Unlike most large French cities, there was no real industrial revolution in 19th century Toulouse.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The most important industries were the gunpowder factory, to meet military needs, and the tobacco factory. In 1856 the railway arrived in Toulouse and the city was modernised: the ramparts were replaced by large boulevards, and major avenues such as the ''rue d'Alsace-Lorraine'' and the ''rue de Metz'' opened up the historic centre.

In 1875, a flood of the Garonne devastated more than 1,000 houses and killed 200 people. It also destroyed all the bridges in Toulouse, except the [[Pont Neuf, Toulouse|Pont-Neuf]].<ref>Spécial météo à Toulouse, ''L'Express'', nº 2948, semaine du 3 au 9 janvier 2008, ''Les crues les plus dévastatrices'', p. II.</ref>