Editing Thutmose III (section)

==Monuments==
Thutmose III, a great builder, constructed more than 50 temples. Some are now lost, recorded only in written records.<ref name="Lipinska 401"/> He also commissioned the building of many tombs for nobles, which were made with greater craftsmanship than ever before. His reign saw stylistic changes in the sculpture, paintings and reliefs associated with construction, much of it beginning during the reign of [[Hatshepsut]].
[[File:Thutmose III, 18th dynasty, from Karnak; National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo (1) (52087101418).jpg|thumb|Thutmose III, 18th dynasty, from Karnak; National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo ]]

===Artistic developments===
[[File:Glaskelch Thutmosis III.jpg|thumb|upright|Glass making advanced during the reign of Thutmose III and this cup bears his name.]]
[[File:ThutmosesIII-RaisingObelisks-Karnak.png|thumb|upright|Depiction of Tuthmose III at Karnak holding a Hedj Club and a Sekhem Scepter standing before two obelisks he had erected there]]
Thutmose's architects and artisans followed traditional relief styles for most of his reign. But after his 42nd year he is depicted wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and a šndyt-kilt, an unprecedented style.<ref name="Lipinska 403">Lipinska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III", p. 403. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp. 401–403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> Architecturally, his use of pillars was unprecedented. He built Egypt's only known set of heraldic pillars, two large columns standing alone instead of being part of a set supporting the roof. His jubilee hall was arguably the earliest known building created in the [[basilica]] style.<ref name="Lipinska 402">Lipinska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III", p. 402. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp. 401–403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> Thutmose's artisans achieved new heights of skill in painting, and tombs from his reign were the earliest to be entirely painted instead of painted reliefs.<ref name="Lipinska 403"/> It appears that Thutmose's artisans learned glass-making skills, developed in the early 18th Dynasty, to create drinking vessels by the [[Glass#Phoenicia and Egypt|core-formed method]].<ref>W.B. Honey. ''Review of Glass Vessels before Glass-Blowing by Poul Fossing.'' p. 135. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, (Apr. 1941)</ref>

===Karnak===
Thutmose dedicated far more attention to [[Karnak]] than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the [[hypostyle]] hall of his grandfather [[Thutmose I]], dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of it, the ceiling of which was supported by his heraldic pillars. He built a [[temenos]] wall around the central chapel containing smaller chapels, along with workshops and storerooms. East of the main sanctuary, he built a jubilee hall in which to celebrate his [[Sed festival]]. The main hall was built in basilica style with rows of pillars supporting the ceiling on each side of the aisle. The central two rows were higher than the others to create windows where the ceiling was split.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> Two of the smaller rooms in this temple contained the reliefs of the survey of the plants and animals of Canaan which he took in his third campaign.<ref name="Grimal 302">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p. 302. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref>

East of the Iput-Isut, he erected another temple to Aten, where he was depicted as being supported by [[Amun]].<ref name="Grimal 303">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p. 303. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> It was inside this temple that Thutmose planned on erecting his ''tekhen waty'', or "unique obelisk."<ref name="Grimal 303"/> The ''tekhen waty'' was designed to stand alone instead as part of a pair and is the tallest [[obelisk]] ever successfully cut. It was not, however, erected until Thutmose IV raised it<ref name="Grimal 303"/> 35 years later.<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II.'' p. 330. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> It was later moved to Rome by Emperor [[Constantius II]] and is now known as the [[Lateran Obelisk]].

In 390 AD, Christian Roman Emperor [[Theodosius I]] re-erected another obelisk from the Temple of Karnak in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]], now known as the [[Obelisk of Theodosius]].

Thutmose also undertook building projects to the south of the main temple between the sanctuary of Amun and the temple of [[Mut]]. Immediately to the south of the main temple, he built the seventh pylon on the north–south road which entered the temple between the fourth and fifth pylons. It was built for use during his jubilee and was covered with scenes of defeated enemies. He set royal colossi on both sides of the pylon and put two more obelisks on the south face in front of the gateway. The eastern obelisk's base remains in place, but the western obelisk was transported to the Hippodrome in Constantinople.<ref name="Grimal 303"/> Farther south along the road, he put up Pylon VIII, which Hatshepsut had begun.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> East of the road, he dug a [[sacred lake]] of 250 by 400 feet and placed another alabaster bark shrine near it.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> He commissioned royal artists to depict his extensive collections of fauna and flora in the [[Botanical garden of Thutmosis III]].

===Other Attestations===
At Heliopolis, a stela dated to year 47 of Tuthmosis III.<ref>Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 1634</ref>

===Defacing of Hatshepsut's monuments===
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[[File:Hatshepsut temple38c.jpg|thumb|Sokaris receiving gifts from Thutmosis III in Anubis temple, Hatshepsut temple, Deir el-Bahari, Theban Necropolis, Egypt]]
For many years, egyptologists theorized that following the death of [[Thutmose II]], his queen [[Hatshepsut]] [[usurper|usurped]] the throne from her stepson Thutmose III. Although Thutmose III was co-regent during this time, early historians have speculated that he never forgave his stepmother for overshadowing him.<ref>Shaw, Ian, and Nicholson, Paul. <cite>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</cite>. p. 120. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8109-9096-2}}. 1995.</ref> Some time after her death, many of Hatshepsut's monuments and depictions were defaced or destroyed, including those in her famous [[mortuary temple]] complex at [[Deir el-Bahri]]. These were interpreted by early modern scholars as ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'' (erasure from recorded existence) by Thutmose III in a fit of vengeful rage shortly after his accession.

However, recent research casts serious doubt upon the popular theory of Thutmose III's vengeance. Scholars such as Charles Nims and [[Peter Dorman]] have re-examined the erasures and found that those which could be dated only began during year 46 or 47, toward the end of Thutmose's reign ({{Circa|1433/2&nbsp; BC}}).<ref name=" Oxford University Press 2000">Shaw, Ian. <cite>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</cite>. p. 241. Oxford University Press. 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-280458-8}}</ref> Also the monuments of Hatshepsut's chief steward, [[Senenmut]], closely associated with her rule, were similarly defaced where they were found.<ref>Russman, Edna R. (ed) <cite>Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum</cite>. pp. 120–121. University of California Press. 2001. {{ISBN|1-885444-19-2}}.</ref> Furthermore, it is known that Hatshepsut trusted Thutmose III to command her armies. No strong evidence has been found that Thutmose III sought to claim the throne, and after her death he kept her religious and administrative leaders. He even built his mortuary temple directly next to Hatshepsut's, showing no grudge against her.

By the time the monuments of Hatshepsut were damaged, at least 25 years after her death, the elderly Thutmose III was in a [[coregency]] with his son [[Amenhotep II]]. Currently, the purposeful destruction of the memory of Hatshepsut is seen as an attempt to ensure a smooth succession for Amenhotep II, as opposed to any of the surviving relatives of Hatshepsut with an equal or better claim to the throne. Amenhotep II would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh. Later, Amenhotep II even claimed that he had built the structures he defaced.<ref>{{harvnb|Gardiner|1961|p=198}}. </ref> It may also be that the attack on Hatshepsut's memory could not be taken until the death of powerful religious and administrative officials who had served under both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III.<ref name="Oxford University Press 2000" />