Editing Temperance movement (section)

=== Legislative successes and failures (1910s) ===
[[File:1871 temperance advertisement R.H. McDonald Co.jpg|thumb|right|An 1871 American advertisement promoting temperance, styled as a fictitious railroad advertisement]]
A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was sharply to reduce heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible. Advocates were Protestant nonconformists who played a major role in the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]. The Liberal Party adopted temperance platforms focused on local option.<ref>{{cite journal|last=David|first=M. Fahey|title=The Politics of Drink: Pressure Groups and the British Liberal Party, 1883–1908|journal=Social Science|volume=54|issue=2|pages=76–85|year=1979|jstor=41886377}}</ref> In 1908, Prime Minister [[H.H. Asquith]]—although a heavy drinker himself<ref>{{cite journal|first=Marvin|last=Rintala|title=Taking the Pledge: HH Asquith and Drink|journal=Biography|volume=16|issue=2|year=1993|pages=103–35|doi=10.1353/bio.2010.0351|s2cid=154967226}}</ref>—took the lead by proposing to close about a third of the 100,000 pubs in England and Wales, with the owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubs.<ref>{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Read|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsPZAAAAMAAJ|title=Edwardian England, 1901–15: Society and Politics|year=1972|page=52|publisher=Harrap |isbn=978-0-245-51063-2 }}</ref> The brewers controlled the pubs and organized a stiff resistance, supported by the Conservatives, who repeatedly defeated the proposal in the House of Lords. However, the People's Tax of 1910 included a stiff tax on pubs.<ref>{{cite book|first=Colin|last=Cross|title=The Liberals in Power, 1905–1914|year=1963|pages=69–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Paul|last=Jennings|title=Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House|journal=Local Historian|issue=41|year=2011|pages=121–37}}</ref>

The movement gained traction during the First World War, with [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] issuing sharp restrictions on the sale of alcohol in many combatant countries. This was done to preserve grain for food production.<ref name="History.com" /> During this time, prohibitionists used anti-German sentiment related to the war to rally against alcohol sales, since many brewers were of German-American descent.<ref name="Hour Detroit" />{{refn|group=note|The British Temperance movement focused on Catholics from Irish and German descent for their alleged preference for alcohol.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|encyclopedia=The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|title=Catholicism|isbn=978-1-317-45791-6|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWysBwAAQBAJ}}</ref>}}

[[L'Alarme: société française d'action contre l'alcoolisme]] was a movement in France, inaugurated in 1914, under the auspices of the Ligue National contre l'Alcoolisme (National League Against Alcoholism), to bring public sentiment for increased restrictions upon the liquor traffic to bear upon the election of candidates for the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]]. As late as 1919, L'Alarme did not only oppose fermented liquors, but considered wine and wine-producers among the most powerful forces against ardent spirits, to which the alcoholism opposed by L'Alarme was considered to be due.<ref name="Cherrington-1925">{{cite book |last1=Cherrington |first1=Ernest Hurst |title=Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem |date=1925 |publisher=American Issue Publishing Company |page=79 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/standardencyclop01cher/page/78 |via=Internet Archive |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

According to alcohol researcher Johan Edman, the first country to issue an alcohol prohibition was Russia, as part of war mobilization policies.<ref name="edman" />{{rp|27}} This followed after Russia had made significant losses in the [[Russo-Japanese War|war against the sober Japanese in 1905]].<ref name="edman" />{{rp|35}} In the UK, the Liberal government passed the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] when pub hours were licensed, beer was watered down and was subject to a penny a pint extra tax,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nick|last=Brownlee|year=2002|title=This is Alcohol|page=106}}</ref> and in 1916 a [[State Management Scheme]] meant that breweries and pubs in certain areas of Britain were nationalized, especially in places where armaments were made.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Robert|title=Lord D'Abernon's "Model Farm": The Central Control Board's Carlisle Experiment|journal=Social History of Alcohol & Drugs|date=2010|volume=24|issue=2|pages=119–140|doi=10.1086/SHAD24020119|s2cid=158837534}}</ref>

In 1913, the ASL began its efforts for national prohibition.<ref name="deliver" />{{rp|118}} [[Wayne Wheeler]], a member of the Anti-Saloon League was integral in the prohibition movement in the United States. He used hard political persuasion called "Wheelerism" in the 1920s of legislative bodies. Rather than ask directly for a vote, which Wheeler viewed as weak, Wheeler covered the desks of legislators in telegrams. He was also accomplished in rallying supporters; the Cincinnati ''Enquirer'' called Wheeler "the strongest political force of his day".<ref name="deliver" />{{rp|113–114}} His efforts specifically influenced the passing of the eighteenth-amendment.<ref name="deliver" />{{rp|114}} And in 1920, the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]] was successfully passed in the United States, introducing [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] of the manufacture, sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages. The amendment, also called "the noble experiment", was preceded by the [[National Prohibition Act]], which stipulated how the federal government should enforce the amendment.<ref name="History.com">{{cite web|title=Prohibition|url=https://www.history.com/topics/prohibition|website=History.com|publisher=A+E Networks|access-date=May 13, 2018|date=2009}}</ref>

National prohibition was proposed several times in [[The Temperance movement in New Zealand|New Zealand]] as well, and nearly successful.{{refn|group=note|Referendums were held in 1911 (55.8% for prohibition, 60% needed), 1914, 49% in favour (50% needed), 1919 49% in favour (50% needed).<ref>{{cite journal|first=Paul |last=Christoffel |title=Prohibition and the Myth of 1919|journal=The Zealand Journal of History|volume=42|issue=2|date=October 2008|pages=156–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prohibition: The Compact|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/prohibition/6|website=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=June 11, 2012|author=A. H. McLintock|date=April 22, 2009}}</ref>}} On a similar note, Australian states and New Zealand introduced
[[Six o'clock swill|restrictive early closing times for bars]] during and immediately after the First World War.<ref name="WPhillips">The first state to introduce early closing was South Australia in 1915 as a war [[austerity]] measure. Six o'clock closing was adopted in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in 1916. New Zealand introduced it in 1917. Western Australia adopted a 9pm closing time, but Queensland retained the old closing times until it introduced eight o'clock closing in 1923. {{cite journal |last1= Phillips|first1= Walter|year= 1980|title= 'Six o'clock swill': the introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia |journal= Historical Studies|volume= 19|issue= 75|pages= 250–266|doi= 10.1080/10314618008595637}}</ref> In [[Prohibition in Canada|Canada]], in 1916 the [[Ontario Temperance Act]] was passed, prohibiting the sales of alcoholic beverages with more than 2.5% alcohol.<ref name="TVO">{{cite web|last1=Bradburn|first1=Jamie|title=Booze, Bullying, and Moral Panic: The Temperance Election of 1926|url=https://tvo.org/article/current-affairs/-booze-bullying-and-moral-panic-the-temperance-election-of-1926|website=TVOntario|publisher=Ontario Educational Communications Authority|access-date=18 May 2018|date=9 May 2018}}</ref> In the 1920s imports of alcohol were cut off by provincial referendums.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temperance Movement in Canada|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/temperance-movement/|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref>

Norway introduced partial prohibition in 1917, which became full prohibition through a [[1919 Norwegian prohibition referendum|referendum in 1919]], but this legislation was [[1926 Norwegian continued prohibition referendum|overturned in 1926]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johansen|first1=Per Ole|title=The Norwegian Alcohol Prohibition; A Failure|journal=Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention|date=2013|volume=14|issue=sup1 |pages=46–63|doi=10.1080/14043858.2013.771909|s2cid=147069385}}</ref> Similarly, Finland introduced prohibition in 1919, but repealed it in 1932 after an upsurge in violent crime associated with criminal opportunism and the illegal liquor trade.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wuorinen|first1=John H.|title=Finland's Prohibition Experiment|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=1932|volume=163|issue=1 |pages=216–226|jstor=1017701|doi=10.1177/000271623216300123|s2cid=143783269}}</ref> Iceland introduced prohibition in 1915, but liberalized consumption of spirits in 1933, but beer was still illegal until 1989.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Billock|first1=Jennifer|title=Illegal in Iceland: Quirky Bans From the Land of Fire and Ice|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/illegal-in-iceland-180957521/|website=Smithsonian.com|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why Iceland banned beer|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31622038|access-date=May 16, 2018|agency=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> In the 1910s, half of the countries in the world had introduced some form of alcohol control in their laws or policies.<ref name="edman" />{{rp|28}}