Editing Television (section)

===Satellite television===
{{main|Satellite television}}

[[File:Dishing out the truth.JPG|upright=1.15|thumb|right|DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex]]
Satellite television is a system of supplying [[television programming]] using broadcast signals relayed from [[communication satellite]]s. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna, usually referred to as a [[satellite dish]] and a [[low-noise block downconverter]] (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a [[television set]]. Receivers can be external [[set-top box]]es, or a built-in [[television tuner]]. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television.

The most common method of reception is [[direct-broadcast satellite television]] (DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH).<ref name="tr101198">{{Cite report|author=Antipolis, Sophia|date=September 1997|title=Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems|url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|publisher=[[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]]|pages=1–7|docket=TR 101 198|access-date=20 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190812/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a [[direct broadcast satellite]] on the [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub>]] wavelength and are completely digital.<ref name=m101>{{cite journal|title=Frequency letter bands|url=http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/letterbands.cfm|website=Microwaves101.com|date=25 April 2008|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171156/http://www.microwaves101.com/ENCYCLOPEDIA/letterbands.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as [[television receive-only]]. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] spectrum from [[Fixed Service Satellite|FSS]] type satellites and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems and were more expensive and less popular.<ref name=fcc>{{cite web|title=Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/consumerdish.html|publisher=FCC|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. [[Digital signal (broadcasting)|Digital signals]] may include [[high-definition television]] (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are [[free-to-air]] or [[free-to-view]], while many other channels are [[pay television]] requiring a subscription.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell|first1=Dennis|last2=Cotter|first2=Susan|year=1998|title=Copyright Infringement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRJCwqzE3iwC&pg=PA161|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-247-3002-5|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
In 1945, British science fiction writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]] proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in Earth orbit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135721/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-date=16 July 2011 |title=The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Richard|last2=Martin|first2=Christopher R.|last3=Fabos|first3=Bettina|date=23 February 2011|title=Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuqjReIZ4TcC&pg=PA152|location=London, UK|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|page=152|isbn=978-1-4576-2831-3|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> This was published in the October 1945 issue of the ''[[Wireless World]]'' magazine and won him the [[Franklin Institute]]'s [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww|title=The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|date=September 1995|title=Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2f8q2c0R5cC&pg=PA138|publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=138|isbn=978-0-16-048180-2|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the [[Telstar]] satellite over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on 23 July 1962.<ref name="histchannel">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-satellite-tv-50-years-ago|title=The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago|last1=Klein|first1=Christopher|date=23 July 2012|website=History.com|publisher=History Channel|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million.<ref name="histchannel"/> Launched in 1962, the ''[[Relay program|Relay 1]]'' satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan.<ref name="relay1">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-068A|title=Relay 1|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA}}</ref> The first [[geosynchronous]] [[communication satellite]], [[Syncom 2]], was launched on 26 July 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A|title=Syncom 2|last1=Darcey|first1=RJ|date=16 August 2013|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called [[Intelsat I]] and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica – Intelsat I|access-date=5 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224556/http://astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> The first national network of television satellites, called [[Orbita (TV system)|Orbita]], was created by the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical [[Molniya (satellite)|Molniya]] satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground [[downlink]] stations.<ref>{{cite press release|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRx2ssMQ6MC|location=Springfield Virginia|publisher=U.S. Joint Publications Research Service|page=60|year=1970|issue=221–230|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary [[Anik 1]], which was launched on 9 November 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Lloyd|title=Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap | publisher = CBC English TV | date = 9 November 1972 | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594 | access-date = 25 January 2007 }}</ref> [[ATS-6]], the world's first experimental educational and [[Direct Broadcast Satellite]] (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.<ref name="ats">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|title=NASA – ATS|last1=Ezell|first1=Linda N.|date=22 January 2010|website=Nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406164505/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It transmitted at 860&nbsp;MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent, but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home-constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.<ref name="tvdx">Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney, {{ISBN|0-900162-71-6}}</ref>

The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry [[Direct-To-Home]] television, [[Ekran]] 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|title=Ekran|year=2007|website=Astronautix.com|publisher=Astronautix|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112153322/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> It used a 714&nbsp;MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing [[UHF television broadcasting|UHF television technology]] rather than microwave technology.<ref name="Ekran">{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/ekran.htm|title=Ekran (11F647)|website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref>