Editing Tajikistan (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Tajikistan}}
{{See also|Agriculture in Tajikistan}}
[[File:Young Tajikistani dry fruit seller.jpg|thumb|right|A Tajik dry fruit seller]]
In 2019, nearly 29% of Tajikistan's GDP came from [[immigrant]] [[remittances]] (mostly from Tajiks working in Russia).<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?contextual=max&end=2019&locations=TJ&start=2019&view=bar World Bank Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607042053/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?contextual=max&end=2019&locations=TJ&start=2019&view=bar |date=7 June 2021 }} Accessed 6 June 2021. Link goes to current data.</ref><ref>"[https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21584999-russia-attempts-draw-tajikistan-and-kyrgyzstan-back-its-orbit-remittance-man Remittance man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118154816/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21584999-russia-attempts-draw-tajikistan-and-kyrgyzstan-back-its-orbit-remittance-man |date=18 November 2017 }}". The Economist. 7 September 2013.</ref><ref name="youtube.com">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411132150/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE |date=11 April 2016 }}, United Nations, March 2014</ref> With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is vulnerable to external shocks. In fiscal year 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, which helped keep the peace. International assistance was necessary to address the second year of [[drought]] that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On 21 August 2001, the [[Red Cross]] announced that a [[famine]] was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spectre of famine over Tajikistan – IFRC|url=https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/europe-central-asia/tajikistan/spectre-of-famine-over-tajikistan/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.ifrc.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410145621/https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/europe-central-asia/tajikistan/spectre-of-famine-over-tajikistan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2012, 680,152 of the people living in Tajikistan were living with [[food insecurity]]. Out of those, 676,852 were at risk of Phase 3 (Acute Food and Livelihoods Crisis) food insecurity, and 3,300 were at risk of Phase 4 (Humanitarian Emergency). Those with the highest risk of food insecurity were living in the [[Murghob District]] of [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province|GBAO]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Integrated Food Security Phase Classification|url = http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp245412.pdf|website = usaid.gov|publisher = USAID|access-date = 9 August 2014|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810013040/http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp245412.pdf|archive-date = 10 August 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[malnutrition]] rate in Tajikistan will reach 30% in 2023 according to the United Nations [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). As in the rest of [[Central Asia]], soils are deteriorating and water resources are diminishing, particularly as a result of [[climate change]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Tajikistan {{!}} World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/countries/tajikistan |access-date= |website=www.wfp.org |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211191847/https://www.wfp.org/countries/tajikistan |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Talco.jpg|thumb| The [[TadAZ]] aluminium smelting plant, in Tursunzoda, is the largest aluminium manufacturing plant in [[Central Asia]], and Tajikistan's chief industrial asset.]]
Tajikistan's economy grew after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This "improved" Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely [[Turkmenistan]] and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456938/html/nn4page1.stm|title = BBC's Guide to Central Asia|work = BBC News|access-date = 1 November 2006|date = 20 June 2005|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061201060041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456938/html/nn4page1.stm|archive-date = 1 December 2006|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are [[aluminium]] production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.<ref name="usstate2">{{cite web|date=December 2007|title=Background Note: Tajikistan|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513180616/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=8 March 2008|publisher=US Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs}}</ref> Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23909-tajikistan-over-392-5-thousand-tons-of-cotton-picked-in-tajikistan|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220200124/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23909-tajikistan-over-392-5-thousand-tons-of-cotton-picked-in-tajikistan|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 20 December 2013|title = Tajikistan: Over 392.5 thousand tons of cotton picked in Tajikistan|publisher = BS-AGRO|date = 12 December 2013}}</ref> The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned [[Tajik Aluminum Company]] – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.<ref name="expert.ru2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.expert.ru/printissues/kazakhstan/2004/23/23ka-kpov3/|script-title=ru:Алюминий по-таджикски|trans-title=Aluminium in Tajiki|language=ru|journal=Expert Kazakhstan|volume=23|issue=25|date=6 December 2004|access-date=8 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110001253/http://expert.ru/kazakhstan/2004/23/23ka-kpov3_57681/|archive-date=10 November 2011}}</ref>

Tajikistan's rivers, such as the [[Vakhsh River|Vakhsh]] and the [[Panj River|Panj]], have hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the [[Nurek Dam]], the second highest dam in the world.<ref name="dams2">{{cite web|url=http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html|title=Highest Dams (World and U.S.)|publisher=ICOLD World Register of Dams|year=1998|access-date=8 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405065705/http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html |archive-date=5 April 2008}}</ref> Russia's [[RAO UES]] has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670&nbsp;MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.<ref name="vesti2">{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=154107&cid=6|script-title=ru:Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января|trans-title=First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January|language=ru|publisher=Vesti|date=25 December 2007|access-date=28 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185908/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=154107&cid=6|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="todayenergy2">{{cite web|url = http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041605/http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php|url-status = dead|archive-date = 16 January 2009|title = Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008|publisher = Today Energy|date = 5 January 2008|access-date = 8 March 2008}}</ref> Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company [[SinoHydro]], and the [[Rogun Dam|Rogun power plant]] that, at a projected height of {{convert|335|m|ft|0}}, would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion.<ref name="irna2">{{cite web|url =http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130428215008/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm|url-status =dead|archive-date =28 April 2013|title = Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan|publisher = IRNA|date = 24 April 2007|access-date = 8 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rferl12">{{cite web|url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html|title = Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant|publisher = Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|date = 18 January 2007|access-date = 8 March 2008|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315013838/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html|archive-date = 15 March 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> A planned project, [[CASA-1000]], will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750&nbsp;km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/pakistan-can-end-power-crisis-thru-casa-1000/|title = Pakistan can end power crisis thru CASA-1000|newspaper = The Gazette of Central Asia|publisher = Satrapia|date = 13 August 2011|access-date = 8 June 2012|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810075442/http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/pakistan-can-end-power-crisis-thru-casa-1000/|archive-date = 10 August 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Other energy resources include coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tajikistan|url=https://www.eu4energy.iea.org/countries/tajikistan|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.eu4energy.iea.org|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054953/https://www.eu4energy.iea.org/countries/tajikistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014 Tajikistan was the world's most [[remittance]]-dependent economy with remittances accounting for 49% of GDP and expected to fall by 40% in 2015 due to the economic crisis in the Russian Federation.<ref name="eurasianet.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73591|title=Tajikistan: Remittances to Plunge 40% – World Bank|work=EurasiaNet.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529055726/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73591|archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in the Russian Federation, have become the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people<ref name="wb-note32">{{cite web|url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882-1157133580628/BriefingNote3.pdf|title = Remittance Trends 2007. Migration and Development Brief 3|author1 = Dilip Ratha|author2 = Sanket Mohapatra|author3 = K. M. Vijayalakshmi|author4 = Zhimei Xu|publisher = [[World Bank]]|date = 29 November 2007|access-date = 8 March 2008|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203055/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882-1157133580628/BriefingNote3.pdf|archive-date = 26 February 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> and with the 2014–2015 downturn in the Russian economy the World Bank warned that numbers of Tajik men would return home and face "few" economic prospects.<ref name="eurasianet.org" />

According to some estimates about 47% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf|title = UNDP: Human development indices – Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000–2007))| date=January 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2009|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf|archive-date = 19 December 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without "substantial and protracted" recourse to aid, and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage&nbsp;— cheap labour.<ref name="imf3">{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0602.pdf|title = The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan. IMF Working Paper WP/06/2|author = Alexei Kireyev|publisher = [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|date = January 2006|access-date = 8 March 2008|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203044/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0602.pdf|archive-date = 26 February 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played a role as 1 of the drivers of Tajikistan's economic growth during the past years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped reduce poverty.<ref name="wb-policynote2">{{cite web|url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/000160016_20060822094201/Rendered/PDF/357710TJ.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001240/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/000160016_20060822094201/Rendered/PDF/357710TJ.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|title = Tajikistan Policy Note. Poverty Reduction and Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances. Report No. 35771-TJ|publisher = [[World Bank]]|date = June 2006|access-date = 8 March 2008}}</ref>

Drug trafficking is an illegal source of income in Tajikistan<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFVcQ7ZxC1o MEET THE STANS – episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403014008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFVcQ7ZxC1o |date=3 April 2015 }}, BBC, 2011</ref> as it is a transit country for Afghan [[narcotics]] bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some [[opium poppy]] is raised locally for the domestic market.<ref name="Silk2">{{cite web |title=Country Factsheets, Eurasian Narcotics: Tajikistan 2004 |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/research/narcotics_crime/FactSheet/2004/Tajikistan.pdf |publisher=Silk Road Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021851/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/research/narcotics_crime/FactSheet/2004/Tajikistan.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> With the increasing assistance from international organisations, such as UNODC, and co-operation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.<ref name="edm12">{{cite web
|url = http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3579&article_id=2370646|title = Dushanbe looks towards Afghanistan to combat drug trafficking|author = Roger McDermott|publisher = Eurasia Daily Monitor|date = 10 January 2006|access-date = 8 March 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080602034307/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3579&article_id=2370646|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 June 2008}}</ref> Tajikistan holds third place in the world for [[heroin]] and raw [[opium]] confiscations (1216.3&nbsp;kg of heroin and 267.8&nbsp;kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).<ref name=CIA /><ref>{{cite web |title=Facts and Figures |url=http://www.unodc.org/uzbekistan/en/fact_sheets.html |publisher=Coordination and Analysis Unit of the [[UNODC]] Regional Office for Central Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428171619/http://www.unodc.org/uzbekistan/en/fact_sheets.html |archive-date=28 April 2007}}</ref> Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the personalities that fought on both sides of the [[Civil war in Tajikistan|civil war]] and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are involved in the drug trade.<ref name="Silk2" /> [[UNODC]] is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.<ref name="fight2">{{cite web |title=Fighting Drugs, Crime and Terrorism in the CIS |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/speech_2007_10_04.html |date=4 October 2007 |publisher=UNODC |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808020822/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/speech_2007_10_04.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Besides Russia, China is one of the economic and trade partners of Dushanbe. Tajikistan belongs to the group of countries associated with Chinese investment within the [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia |date=24 October 2021 }}", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.</ref>