Editing Taj Mahal (section)

== Myths ==
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[[File:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], one of the first European writers about the Taj Mahal]]

Ever since its construction, the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography, and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument.{{sfn|Koch|2006| p= 231}} A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a [[mausoleum]] to be built in black marble as a [[Black Taj Mahal]] across the Yamuna river.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p=210}} The idea originates from fanciful writings of [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], a European traveler and gem merchant, who visited Agra in 1665. It was suggested that his son Aurangzeb overthrew Shah Jahan before it could be built. Ruins of blackened marble across the river in the [[Mehtab Bagh]] seeming to support the argument were, however, proven false after excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discolored white stones that had turned black.{{sfn|Koch|2006| p= 249}} A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Mehtab Bagh. A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen, befitting Shah Jahan's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Warrior Empire: The Mughals of India |publisher=A+E Television Network |year=2006}}</ref>

No concrete evidence exists for claims that describe, often in horrific detail, the deaths, dismemberment and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutilations in Taj Mahal Myth |url=https://www.tajmahal.org.uk/legends/mutilation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308095010/https://www.tajmahal.org.uk/legends/mutilation.html |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Taj Mahal}}</ref>{{sfn|Lahiri|2004 |p=85}} Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design.{{sfn|Koch|2006| p=239}} No evidence exists for claims that [[Lord William Bentinck]], governor-general of India in the 1830s, supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble. Bentinck's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck's fund-raising sale of discarded marble from [[Agra Fort]].{{sfn|Rosselli|1974| p=283}} Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth. To this day, officials find broken [[bangle]]s surrounding the silhouette.{{sfn|Koch|2006| p= 240}}

Several myths, none of which are supported by the archaeological record, have appeared asserting that people other than Shah Jahan and the original architects were responsible for the construction of the Taj Mahal. For instance, in 2000, [[India's Supreme Court]] dismissed [[P. N. Oak]]'s petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal.{{sfn|Koch|2006|p=239}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea to rewrite Taj history dismissed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/07/14/stories/0214000q.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072255/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/07/14/stories/0214000q.htm |archive-date=14 December 2017 |access-date=16 January 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2005, a similar petition brought by Amar Nath Mishra, a social worker and preacher claiming that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu king [[Paramardi]] in 1196, was dismissed by the [[Allahabad High Court]].{{sfn|Ali|2014}} Several court cases and statements by right-wing politicians about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired by P. N. Oak's 1989 book ''Taj Mahal: The True Story'', in which he claimed it was built in 1155 AD and not in the 17th century.{{sfn|Qureshi| 2017}}<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2017 |title=Is Taj Mahal a mausoleum or a Shiva temple? CIC asks govt to clarify |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-the-taj-mahal-a-mausoleum-or-a-shiva-temple-cic-tells-government-to-clarify/story-bYyd6mFUmFbrIjOJnbP9CI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115194946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-the-taj-mahal-a-mausoleum-or-a-shiva-temple-cic-tells-government-to-clarify/story-bYyd6mFUmFbrIjOJnbP9CI.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=16 January 2019 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In November 2015, the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Minister of Culture]] stated in the [[Indian Parliament]] that there was no evidence that it was ever a temple.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2017 |title=What is Tejo Mahalaya controversy? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-tejo-mahalaya-controversy-taj-mahal-vinay-katiyar-bjp-4896716/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229084051/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-tejo-mahalaya-controversy-taj-mahal-vinay-katiyar-bjp-4896716/ |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In August 2017, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] declared that there was no evidence to suggest the monument ever housed a temple.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2017 |title=BJP's Vinay Katiyar now calls Taj Mahal a Hindu temple – a 'bee in bonnet' theory that Supreme Court once rejected |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vinay-katiyar-taj-mahal-tejo-mahalaya-temple-supreme-court-bee-in-bonnet-theory-asi/1/1071039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019101020/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vinay-katiyar-taj-mahal-tejo-mahalaya-temple-supreme-court-bee-in-bonnet-theory-asi/1/1071039.html |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=24 January 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Another such unsupported theory, that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian, Geronimo Vereneo, held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by [[Henry George Keene (historian)|Henry George Keene]] in 1879. Keene went by a translation of a Spanish work, ''Itinerario'' (''The Travels of Fray [[Sebastian Manrique]], 1629–1643''). Another theory, that a Frenchman named Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj, was promoted by [[William Henry Sleeman]] based on the work of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. These ideas were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by [[E. B. Havell]] and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies.{{sfn|Dixon|1987|p=170}}