Editing Surrey (section)

=== Early Modern Surrey ===
[[File:Nonsuch Palace watercolour detail.jpg|thumb|[[Nonsuch Palace]]|alt=watercolour of long building flanked by two large cylindrical towers with a clock on a smaller central tower]]
Under the early [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] kings, magnificent royal palaces were constructed in northeastern Surrey, conveniently close to London. At [[Richmond Palace|Richmond]] an existing royal residence was rebuilt on a grand scale under [[King Henry VII]], who also founded a [[Franciscan]] [[Sheen Friary|friary]] nearby in 1499. The still more spectacular palace of [[Nonsuch Palace|Nonsuch]] was later built for [[Henry VIII]] near Ewell.{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|pp=197-198}} The palace at Guildford Castle had fallen out of use long before, but a royal hunting lodge existed outside the town. All these have since been demolished.

During the [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497]], the rebels heading for London briefly occupied Guildford and fought a skirmish with a government detachment on Guildown outside the town, before marching on to defeat at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] in Kent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~john.whitbourn/Cornish.htm |title=The Day the Cornish Invaded Guildford |publisher=The Surrey Advertiser |date=2 June 1989 |access-date=16 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~john.whitbourn/Cornish.htm |archive-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> The forces of [[Wyatt's Rebellion]] in 1554 passed through what was then northeastern Surrey on their way from Kent to London, briefly occupying Southwark and then crossing the Thames at Kingston after failing to storm London Bridge.

[[File:Cantium southsexia surria meddlesexia Atlas.jpg|thumb|250px|Hand-drawn map of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Middlesex from 1575]]

Surrey's cloth industry declined in the 16th century and collapsed in the 17th, harmed by falling standards and competition from more effective producers in other parts of England. The iron industry in the Weald, whose rich deposits had been exploited since prehistoric times, expanded and spread from its base in Sussex into Kent and Surrey after 1550.{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|pp=186-190}} New furnace technology stimulated further growth in the early 17th century, but this hastened the extinction of the business as the mines were worked out.{{sfn|Brandon|1998|pp=55-57}} However, this period also saw the emergence of important new industries, centred on the valley of the [[River Tillingbourne|Tillingbourne]], south-east of Guildford, which often adapted watermills originally built for the now moribund cloth industry. The production of brass goods and wire in this area was relatively short-lived, falling victim to competitors in [[the Midlands]] in the mid-17th century, but the manufacture of paper and [[gunpowder]] proved more enduring. For a time in the mid-17th century the Surrey mills were the main producers of gunpowder in England.{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|pp=185-190}}{{sfn|Brandon|1998|pp=51-55}}{{sfn|Brandon|1998|pp=60-61}}{{sfn|Crocker|Crocker|2000|pp=5-40}}

A glass industry also developed in the mid-16th century on the southwestern borders of Surrey, but had collapsed by 1630, as the wood-fired Surrey glassworks were surpassed by emerging coal-fired works elsewhere in England.{{sfn|Brandon|1998|pp=57-58}}{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|pp=185-190}} The [[Wey Navigation]], opened in 1653, was one of England's first canal systems.{{sfn|Hadfield|1969|pp=118-119}}{{sfn|Vine|1996|p=10}}

[[File:George Abbot from NPG cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[George Abbot (bishop)|George Abbot]]|alt=17th century middle-aged bearded man in black cap and jacket over a white shirt]]
[[George Abbot (bishop)|George Abbot]], the son of a Guildford clothworker, served as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1611–1633. In 1619 he founded [[Abbot's Hospital]], an [[almshouse]] in Guildford, which is still operating. He also made unsuccessful efforts to revitalise the local cloth industry. One of his brothers, [[Robert Abbot (bishop)|Robert]], became [[Bishop of Salisbury]], while another, [[Maurice Abbot|Maurice]], was a founding shareholder of the [[East India Company]] who became the company's Governor and later [[Lord Mayor of London]].

Southwark expanded rapidly in this period, and by 1600, if considered as a separate entity, it was the second-largest urban area in England, behind only London itself. Parts of it were outside the jurisdiction of the government of the [[City of London]], and as a result the area of [[Bankside]] became London's principal entertainment district, since the social control exercised there by the local authorities of Surrey was less effective and restrictive than that of the City authorities.{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|pp=153-154}} Bankside was the scene of the golden age of [[English Renaissance theatre|Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre]], with the work of playwrights including [[William Shakespeare]], [[Christopher Marlowe]], [[Ben Jonson]] and [[John Webster]] performed in its playhouses.{{sfn|Brandon|1998|p=76}} The leading actor and impresario [[Edward Alleyn]] founded the [[College of God's Gift]] in [[Dulwich]] with an endowment including an art collection, which was later expanded and opened to the public in 1817, becoming [[Dulwich Picture Gallery|Britain's first public art gallery]].
[[File:Hollar Long View detail.png|thumb|right|The second [[Globe theatre]], built 1614|alt=hand drawn view of buildings including a circular one with another building within]]

Surrey almost entirely escaped the direct impact of fighting during the [[First English Civil War|main phase]] of the [[English Civil War]] in 1642–1646. The local [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] gentry led by [[Sir Richard Onslow]] were able to secure the county without difficulty on the outbreak of war. Farnham Castle was briefly occupied by the advancing [[Cavaliers|Royalists]] in late 1642, but was easily stormed by the Parliamentarians under Sir [[William Waller]]. A new Royalist offensive in late 1643 saw skirmishing around Farnham between Waller's forces and [[Ralph Hopton]]'s Royalists, but these brief incursions into the western fringes of Surrey marked the limits of Royalist advances on the county. At the end of 1643 Surrey combined with Kent, Sussex and Hampshire to form the [[South-Eastern Association]], a military federation modelled on Parliament's existing [[Eastern Association]].{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|p=148}}

In the uneasy peace that followed the Royalists' defeat, a political crisis in summer 1647 saw [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]]'s [[New Model Army]] pass through Surrey on their way to occupy London, and subsequent billeting of troops in the county caused considerable discontent.{{sfn|Brandon|Short|1990|p=148}} During the brief [[Second English Civil War|Second Civil War]] of 1648, the [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland|Earl of Holland]] entered Surrey in July, hoping to ignite a Royalist revolt. He raised his standard at Kingston and advanced south, but found little support. After confused manoeuvres between Reigate and [[Dorking]] as Parliamentary troops closed in, his force of 500 men fled northwards and was overtaken and routed at Kingston.

Surrey had a central role in the history of the radical political movements unleashed by the civil war. In October 1647 the first manifesto of the movement that became known as the [[Levellers]], ''[[The Case of the Armie Truly Stated]]'', was drafted at Guildford by the [[Agitators|elected representatives]] of army regiments and civilian radicals from London. This document combined specific grievances with wider demands for constitutional change on the basis of [[popular sovereignty]]. It formed the template for the more systematic and radical ''[[Agreement of the People]]'', drafted by the same men later that month. It also led to the [[Putney Debates]] shortly afterwards, in which its signatories met with [[Oliver Cromwell]] and other [[Grandee (New Model Army)|senior officers]] in the Surrey village of [[Putney]], where the army had established its headquarters, to argue over the future political constitution of England. In 1649 the [[Diggers]], led by [[Gerrard Winstanley]], established their communal settlement at [[St. George's Hill]] near [[Weybridge]] to implement egalitarian ideals of common ownership, but were eventually driven out by the local landowners through violence and litigation. A smaller Digger commune was then established near [[Cobham, Surrey|Cobham]], but suffered the same fate in 1650.<ref name=Winstanley_ODNB>{{Cite ODNB |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29755 |title=Winstanley, Gerrard |first1=J. C. |last1=Davis |first2=J. D. |last2=Alsop}}</ref>{{sfn|Campbell|2009|p=129}}