Editing Surname (section)

===Toponymic surnames===<!-- [[Habitation name]], [[Habitational name]], [[Habitative name]], and [[Location name]] redirects here -->
{{Main|Toponymic surname}}
Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of [[Old English]] elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element ''tūn'' may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moss |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7jpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42 |title=A History of English Place Names and Where They Came From |date=2020-05-30 |publisher=Pen and Sword History |isbn=978-1-5267-2285-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of the family of Wassa",<ref name="cottle">Cottle, Basil. ''Penguin Dictionary of Surnames''. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. No ISBN.</ref> while "Lucci" means "resident of [[Lucca]]".<ref name="hanks" /> Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in [[Ó Creachmhaoil]], derived from a village in [[County Galway]]. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname.<ref name="cottle" /><ref name="bowman">Bowman, William Dodgson. ''The Story of Surnames''. London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932. No ISBN.</ref>

In [[Portuguese-speaking countries]], it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain".

Some [[Japanese name|Japanese surnames]] derive from geographical features; for example, [[Ishikawa (surname)|Ishikawa]] (石川) means "stone river" (and is also [[Ishikawa Prefecture|the name of one of Japan's prefectures]]), [[Yamamoto]] (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and [[Inoue]] (井上) means "above the well".

Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of [[Saddam Hussein]] al Tikriti,<ref name="saddam">{{Cite news|date=15 January 2007|title=Saddam Hussein's top aides hanged|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302020820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> meaning Saddam Hussein originated from [[Tikrit]], a city in [[Iraq]]. This component of the name is called a ''[[Nisbat (onomastics)|nisbah]]''.

====Examples====
* '''Estate names''' For those descended from land-owners, the name of their holdings, castle, manor or estate, e.g. [[Ernle]], [[House of Windsor|Windsor]], [[Staunton (surname)|Staunton]]
* '''Habitation (place) names''' e.g., [[Burton (name)|Burton]], [[Flint (surname)|Flint]], [[Hamilton (surname and title)|Hamilton]], [[London (name)|London]], [[Laughton (surname)|Laughton]], [[Leighton (surname)|Leighton]], [[Murray (surname)|Murray]], [[Sutton (surname)|Sutton]], [[Tremblay (surname)|Tremblay]]
* '''[[Topographic surname]]s''' (geographical features) e.g., [[Bridge (surname)|Bridge]] or [[Bridges (surname)|Bridges]], [[Brook (surname)|Brook]] or [[Brooks (surname)|Brooks]], [[Bush (surname)|Bush]], [[Camp (surname)|Camp]], [[Hill (surname)|Hill]], [[Lake (surname)|Lake]], [[Lee (English name)|Lee]] or [[Leigh (surname)|Leigh]], [[Wood (surname)|Wood]], [[Grove (surname)|Grove]], [[Holmes (surname)|Holmes]], [[Forest (name)|Forest]], [[Underwood (surname)|Underwood]], [[Hall (surname)|Hall]], [[Field (surname)|Field]], [[Stone (surname)|Stone]], [[Morley (name)|Morley]], [[Moore (surname)|Moore]], [[Perry (surname)|Perry]]