Editing Sudan (section)

==== Bashir era (1989–2019) ====
[[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]]
{{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}}
On 30 June 1989, Colonel [[Omar al-Bashir]] led a bloodless [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]].<ref name=reuters-factbox>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL1435274220080714 |title=Factbox – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir |work=Reuters |access-date=8 January 2011 |date=14 July 2008}}</ref> The new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.<ref name="Bekele">{{cite news |last=Bekele |first=Yilma |title=Chickens Are Coming Home To Roost! |url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/content/2929 |work=[[Ethiopian Review]] |location=Addis Ababa |date=12 July 2008 |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Later, al-Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.<ref name="Kepel, Jihad 2002, p.181">{{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01090-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0/page/181 181]}}</ref> On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir appointed himself "[[President of Sudan|President]]" and disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council. The executive and legislative powers of the council were taken by al-Bashir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/14/sudan.warcrimes3 |work=The Guardian |title=Profile: Omar al-Bashir |first=Peter |last=Walker |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=13 January 2011 |location=London}}</ref>

In the [[Sudanese general election, 1996|1996 general election]], he was the only candidate by law to run for election.<ref name="New York Times 1996, p.4">''[[The New York Times]]''. 16 March 1996. p. 4.</ref> Sudan became a [[one-party state]] under the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] (NCP).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa86|title=History of the Sudan |encyclopedia=HistoryWorld |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> During the 1990s, [[Hassan al-Turabi]], then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] groups and invited [[Osama bin Laden]] to the country.<ref name="Shahzad">{{cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Syed Saleem |title=Bin Laden Uses Iraq To Plot New Attacks |work=[[Asia Times]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=14 January 2011 |date=23 February 2002 |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DB23Ag02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020093406/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DB23Ag02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 October 2002}}</ref> The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a [[State Sponsors of Terrorism|state sponsor of terrorism]].<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |date=13 March 2007 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/families-of-uss-cole-victims-sue-sudan-for-105-million |title=Families of USS ''Cole'' Victims Sue Sudan for $105 Million |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106163604/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,258413,00.html |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Al Qaeda's [[1998 United States embassy bombings|bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania]], the U.S. launched [[Operation Infinite Reach]] and targeted the [[Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]], which the U.S. government falsely believed was producing chemical weapons for the terrorist group. Al-Turabi's influence began to wane, and others in favour of more pragmatic leadership tried to change Sudan's [[international isolation]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Fuller, Graham E. |title=The Future of Political Islam|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6556-1|page=111}}</ref> The country worked to appease its critics by expelling members of the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] and encouraging bin Laden to leave.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>
[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Government militia in Darfur]]

Before the [[Elections in Sudan|2000 presidential election]], al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, prompting al-Bashir to [[dissolve parliament|order a dissolution]] and declare a [[state of emergency]]. When al-Turabi urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign signing agreement with [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]], al-Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrow the government.<ref name="BBC profile">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3273569.stm |title=Profile: Sudan's President Bashir |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2003 |access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref> Hassan al-Turabi was jailed later the same year.<ref name=Denies>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123 |title=Sudanese Islamist Opposition Leader Denies Link with Darfur Rebels |work=Sudan Tribune |location=Paris |author=Ali, Wasil |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412093622/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2003, the [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army]] (SLM/A) and [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of [[Sudanese Arabs]], precipitating the [[War in Darfur]]. The conflict has since been [[Darfur genocide|described as a genocide]],<ref>{{cite press release |date=14 July 2008 |url=http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325100539/http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a |title=ICC Prosecutor Presents Case Against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad al Bashir, for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes in Darfur |publisher=[[International Criminal Court#Office of the Prosecutor|Office of the Prosecutor]], International Criminal Court |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> and the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) in The Hague has issued two [[arrest warrant]]s for al-Bashir.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |date=4 March 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm |title=Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir |work=BBC News |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/international-criminal-court-charges-+sudans-omar-hassan-al-bashir-genocide |author1=Lynch, Colum |author2=Hamilton, Rebecca |title=International Criminal Court Charges Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir with Genocide |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=14 January 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Arabic-speaking nomadic militias known as the [[Janjaweed]] stand accused of many atrocities.

On 9 January 2005, the government signed the [[Naivasha Agreement|Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] with the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] (SPLM) with the objective of ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]. The [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]] (UNMIS) was established under the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590|UN Security Council Resolution 1590]] to support its implementation. The peace agreement was a prerequisite to the 2011 [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum]]: the result was a unanimous vote in favour of secession of [[South Sudan]]; the region of Abyei will hold [[Abyei status referendum|its own referendum]] at a future date.

[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Southern Sudanese wait to vote during the [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum]].]]
The [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA) was the primary member of the [[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]], a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan. After the peace agreement, their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger [[Fulani people|fulani]] and [[Beja Congress]] with the smaller [[Rashaida Free Lions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321010542/http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf |title=UNMIS Media Monitoring Report |publisher=United Nations Mission in Sudan |date=4 January 2006 |archive-date=21 March 2006}}</ref> A peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front was signed on 14 October 2006, in Asmara. On 5 May 2006, the [[Darfur Peace Agreement]] was signed, aiming at ending the conflict which had continued for three years up to this point.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm |title=Darfur Peace Agreement |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 May 2006}}</ref> The Chad–Sudan Conflict (2005–2007) had erupted after the [[Battle of Adré]] triggered a declaration of war by Chad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AB24F0A9-8145-4E1E-96C7-3D8FC9641CC6.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010023439/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AB24F0A9-8145-4E1E-96C7-3D8FC9641CC6.htm |archive-date=10 October 2006 |title=Restraint Plea to Sudan and Chad |date=27 December 2005 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in [[Saudi Arabia]] on 3 May 2007 to stop fighting from the [[Darfur conflict]] spilling along their countries' {{convert|1000|km|mi|-2|adj=on}} border.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2007 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-05/04/content_865569.htm |title=Sudan, Chad Agree To Stop Fighting |agency=Associated Press |work=China Daily |location=Beijing}}</ref>

In July 2007 the country was hit by [[2007 Sudan floods|devastating floods]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/06/africa/AF-GEN-Sudan-Floods.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226201657/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/06/africa/AF-GEN-Sudan-Floods.php |title=UN: Situation in Sudan could deteriorate if flooding continues |date=6 August 2007 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |location=Paris |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> with over 400,000 people being directly affected.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-75TGFJ?OpenDocument |title=Sudan Floods: At Least 365,000 Directly Affected, Response Ongoing |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=13 January 2011 |publisher=UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |agency=[[Relief Web]] |archive-date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070820141059/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-75TGFJ?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2009, a series of [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts|ongoing conflicts]] between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties.