Editing Substance abuse (section)

===Medication===
{{See also|Drug rehabilitation#Medications}}
A number of medications have been approved for the treatment of substance abuse.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse|title=Current Pharmacological Treatment Available for Alchhol Abuse|date=2006–2013|url=http://www.cebc4cw.org/search/by-topic-area/pharmacological-treatment-for-substance-abuse/alcohol-abuse/}}</ref> These include replacement therapies such as [[buprenorphine]] and [[methadone]] as well as antagonist medications like [[disulfiram]] and [[naltrexone]] in either short acting, or the newer long acting form. Several other medications, often ones originally used in other contexts, have also been shown to be effective including [[bupropion]] and [[modafinil]]. Methadone and [[buprenorphine]] are sometimes used to treat opiate addiction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalat |first=James W. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772237089 |title=Biological Psychology |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cengage|Wadsworth, Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-1-111-83100-4 |edition=11th |location=Belmont, CA |pages=81 |oclc=772237089}}</ref> These drugs are used as substitutes for other opioids and still cause withdrawal symptoms but they facilitate the tapering off process in a controlled fashion. When a person goes from using fentanyl every day, to not using it at all, they will experience a point where they need to get used to not using the substance. This is called withdrawal.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Antipsychotic medications have not been found to be useful.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maglione|first=M |author2=Maher, AR |author3=Hu, J |author4=Wang, Z |author5=Shanman, R |author6=Shekelle, PG |author7=Roth, B |author8=Hilton, L |author9=Suttorp, MJ |author10=Ewing, BA |author11=Motala, A |author12=Perry, T|title=Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update [Internet]. |journal= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality  |id= Report No.: 11-EHC087-EF |date=September 2011|pmid=22132426}}</ref> Acamprostate<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ, ((British Association for Psychopharmacology, Expert Reviewers Group))|date=2012-07-01|title=BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=26|issue=7|pages=899–952|doi=10.1177/0269881112444324|issn=0269-8811|pmid=22628390|doi-access=free}}</ref> is a glutamatergic NMDA antagonist, which helps with alcohol withdrawal symptoms because alcohol withdrawal is associated with a hyperglutamatergic system.