Editing Submarine (section)

==Usage==
{{split section|Military submarine|date=March 2024}}

===Military===
{{main|Submarine warfare|Attack submarine|Ballistic missile submarine|Cruise missile submarine|Nuclear submarine}}
[[File:German UC-1 class submarine.jpg|thumb|German [[German Type UC I submarine|''UC-1''-class]] World War I submarine. The wires running up from the bow to the conning tower are the [[jumping wire]]s]]
[[File:Allveelaev Lembit 2012.jpg|thumb|{{ship|EML|Lembit||6}} in the [[Estonian Maritime Museum]]. The ''Lembit'' is the only minelayer submarine of its series left in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's oldest submerged submarine reaches land|author=Mattias, L.|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-615075|work=CNN|date=30 May 2011|access-date=29 January 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054336/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-615075|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Before and during [[World War II]], the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare. Submarines would attack either on the surface using deck guns, or submerged using [[torpedo]]es. They were particularly effective in sinking Allied transatlantic shipping in both World Wars, and in disrupting Japanese supply routes and naval operations in the Pacific in World War II.

[[Naval mine|Mine]]-laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility was used in both World Wars. Submarines were also used for inserting and removing covert agents and military forces in [[special operations]], for intelligence gathering, and to rescue aircrew during air attacks on islands, where the airmen would be told of safe places to crash-land so the submarines could rescue them. Submarines could carry cargo through hostile waters or act as supply vessels for other submarines.

Submarines could usually locate and attack other submarines only on the surface, although {{HMS|Venturer|P68|6}} managed to sink {{GS|U-864||2}} with a four torpedo spread while both were submerged. The British developed a specialized anti-submarine submarine in WWI, the [[British R-class submarine|R class]]. After WWII, with the development of the homing torpedo, better [[sonar]] systems, and [[nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to hunt each other effectively.

The development of [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] and submarine-launched [[cruise missile]]s gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster bomb]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s.

The primary defense of a submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Early submarines could be detected by the sound they made. Water is an excellent conductor of sound (much better than air), and submarines can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances. Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on [[Stealth technology|stealth]]. Advanced [[propeller]] designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery help a submarine remain as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them difficult to detect. It takes specialized technology to find and attack modern submarines.

[[File:Trident II D5 launches from the USS Nebraska (SSBN 739), March 26, 2008.jpg|right|thumb|[[UGM-133 Trident II|Trident II D5]] is one of the most advanced [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s]]
[[Sonar#Active sonar|Active sonar]] uses the reflection of sound emitted from the search equipment to detect submarines. It has been used since WWII by surface ships, submarines and aircraft (via dropped buoys and helicopter "dipping" arrays), but it reveals the emitter's position, and is susceptible to counter-measures.

A concealed military submarine is a real threat, and because of its stealth, can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting ships against attack. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 [[Falklands War]] when the British [[nuclear-powered]] submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the Argentine cruiser {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano||2}}. After the sinking the Argentine Navy recognized that they had no effective defense against submarine attack, and the Argentine surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war. An Argentine submarine remained at sea, however.<ref>{{cite book |last = Finlan |first = Alastair |title = The Royal Navy in the Falklands Conflict and the Gulf War: Culture and Strategy |publisher = Psychology Press |series = British Politics and Society |volume = 15 |date = 2004 |location = London |pages = 214 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TmP27lCid8AC&q=general+belgrano+naval+strategy&pg=PA84 |isbn = 978-0-7146-5479-9 }}</ref>

===Civilian===
Although the majority of the world's submarines are military, there are some civilian submarines, which are used for tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections, and pipeline surveys. Some are also used in illegal activities.

The [[Submarine Voyage]] ride opened at [[Disneyland]] in 1959, but although it ran under water, it was not a true submarine, as it ran on tracks and was open to the atmosphere.<ref name=perry>{{cite web|url=http://www.perry.com/disney/subs/subs.html|access-date=24 April 2010|title=Sail Away - The Last Voyages of the Disneyland Submarines}}</ref> The first tourist submarine was {{Ship||Auguste Piccard|PX-8|2}}, which went into service in 1964 at [[Expo64]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verkehrshaus.ch/en/members-donations/donations/mesoscaph|title=Mesoscaph "August Piccard"|work=Verkehrshaus der Schweiz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307035900/https://www.verkehrshaus.ch/en/members-donations/donations/mesoscaph|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> By 1997, there were 45 tourist submarines operating around the world.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=CABI|title=The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaecot00weav|url-access=limited|author=David Bruce Weaver|year=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaecot00weav/page/n289 276]|isbn=978-0-85199-368-3}}</ref> Submarines with a [[Submarine depth ratings#Crush depth|crush depth]] in the range of {{convert|400|-|500|ft}} are operated in several areas worldwide, typically with bottom depths around {{convert|100|to|120|ft}}, with a carrying capacity of 50 to 100 passengers.

In a typical operation a surface vessel carries passengers to an offshore operating area and loads them into the submarine. The submarine then visits underwater points of interest such as natural or artificial reef structures. To surface safely without danger of collision the location of the submarine is marked with an air release and movement to the surface is coordinated by an observer in a support craft.

A recent development is the deployment of so-called [[narco-submarine]]s by South American drug smugglers to evade law enforcement detection.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060503718_3.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=William|last1=Booth|first2=Juan|last2=Forero|title=Plying the Pacific, Subs Surface as Key Tool of Drug Cartels|date=6 June 2009}}</ref> Although they occasionally deploy [[narco-submarine#True submarines|true submarines]], most are self-propelled [[semi-submersible]]s, where a portion of the craft remains above water at all times. In September 2011, Colombian authorities seized a 16-meter-long submersible that could hold a crew of 5, costing about $2 million. The vessel belonged to [[FARC]] rebels and had the capacity to carry at least 7 tonnes of drugs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15051108|title=FARC's drug submarine seized in Colombia|date=5 September 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Civilian submarines">
File:PX-8 Mésoscaphe - Swiss Submarine (15722856966).jpg|Model of the [[Auguste Piccard (PX-8)|Mésoscaphe ''Auguste Piccard'']]
File:AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG|Interior of the tourist [[Atlantis submarine|submarine ''Atlantis'']] whilst submerged
File:AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg|Tourist submarine ''Atlantis''
</gallery>

===Polar operations===
[[File:USS Annapolis ICEX.jpg|thumb|US Navy attack submarine {{USS|Annapolis|SSN-760|6}} rests in the Arctic Ocean after surfacing through one metre of ice during Ice Exercise 2009 on 21 March 2009.]]
* 1903 – [[Simon Lake]] submarine ''Protector'' surfaced through ice off [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref name="proceedings">McLaren, Alfred S., CAPT USN "Under the Ice in Submarines" ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'' July 1981, pp. 105–9</ref>
* 1930 – {{USS|O-12|SS-73|6}} operated under ice near [[Spitsbergen]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1937 – Soviet submarine ''Krasnogvardeyets'' operated under ice in the [[Denmark Strait]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1941–45 – German U-boats operated under ice from the [[Barents Sea]] to the [[Laptev Sea]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1946 – {{USS|Atule|SS-403|6}} used upward-beamed fathometer in [[Operation Nanook (1946)|Operation Nanook]] in the [[Davis Strait]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1946–47 – {{USS|Sennet|SS-408|6}} used under-ice [[sonar]] in [[Operation High Jump]] in the Antarctic.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1947 – {{USS|Boarfish|SS-327|6}} used upward-beamed echo sounder under pack ice in the [[Chukchi Sea]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1948 – {{USS|Carp|SS-338|6}} developed techniques for making vertical ascents and descents through [[polynya]]s in the Chukchi Sea.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1952 – {{USS|Redfish|SS-395|6}} used an expanded upward-beamed sounder array in the [[Beaufort Sea]].<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1957 – {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}} reached 87 degrees north near Spitsbergen.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 3 August 1958 – ''Nautilus'' used an [[inertial navigation system]] to reach the North Pole.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 17 March 1959 – {{USS|Skate|SSN-578|6}} surfaced through the ice at the north pole.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1960 – {{USS|Sargo|SSN-583|6}} transited {{convert|900|mi}} under ice over the shallow ({{convert|125|to|180|ft|disp=or}} deep) Bering-Chukchi shelf.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1960 – {{USS|Seadragon|SSN-584|6}} transited the [[Northwest Passage]] under ice.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1962 – Soviet {{sclass2|November|submarine|2}} {{ship|Soviet submarine|K-3 Leninsky Komsomol||2}} reached the north pole.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1970 – {{USS|Queenfish|SSN-651|6}} carried out an extensive undersea mapping survey of the Siberian continental shelf.<ref>{{cite news|author=William J. Broad|title=Queenfish: A Cold War Tale|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/science/18arctic.html?_r=1|newspaper=New York Times|date=18 March 2008|access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* 1971 – {{HMS|Dreadnought|S101|6}} reached the North Pole.<ref name="proceedings"/>
* {{USS|Gurnard|SSN-662|6}} conducted three Polar Exercises: 1976 (with US actor [[Charlton Heston]] aboard); 1984 joint operations with {{USS|Pintado|SSN-672|6}}; and 1990 joint exercises with {{USS|Seahorse|SSN-669|6}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://websitesbycook.com/gurnard/| title = History of the USS ''Gurnard'' and Polar Operations}}</ref>
* 6 May 1986 – {{USS|Ray|SSN-653|6}}, {{USS|Archerfish|SSN-678|6}} and {{USS|Hawkbill|SSN-666|6}} meet and surface together at the [[Geographic North Pole]]. First three-submarine surfacing at the Pole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08666.htm |title=NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive |publisher=navsource.org |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref>
* 19 May 1987 – {{HMS|Superb|S109|6}} joined {{USS|Billfish|SSN-676|6}} and {{USS|Sea Devil|SSN-664|6}} at the North Pole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Ships/HMS%20Superb/HMS%20Superb%20(1976)%20SSN%209.htm |title=HMS Superb (1976) (9th) |publisher=britainsnavy.co.uk |date=12 January 2013 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* March 2007 – {{USS|Alexandria|SSN-757|6}} participated in the Joint US Navy/[[Royal Navy]] Ice Exercise 2007 (ICEX-2007) in the Arctic Ocean with the {{sclass|Trafalgar|submarine|2}} {{HMS|Tireless|S88|6}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Submarine Force Participates in Ice Exercise 2007|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/1180850B346D95C8?p=WORLDNEWS|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=Government Press Releases (USA)|date=20 March 2007}}</ref>
* March 2009 – {{USS|Annapolis|SSN-760|6}} took part in [[Ice Exercise 2009]] to test submarine operability and war-fighting capability in Arctic conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=43706 |title=CNO Attends ICEX 2009 |publisher=navy.mil |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303124736/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=43706 |url-status=dead }}</ref>