Editing Stuttgart (section)

==Geography==
{{wide image|Stuttgart Panorama 2007.jpg|2000px|Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast. From the [[Neckar]] valley on the left the city rises to the city centre, backed by high woods to the south ([[Fernsehturm Stuttgart|television tower]]). Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right.}}
The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about {{cvt|900|ft|m}} [[above sea level]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}{{efn|The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about {{cvt|207|m|ft|0}}, whereas the highest elevation [[Bernhartshöhe]] is {{cvt|549|m|ft|0}} – something rather unique in large German cities.}} an hour from the [[Black Forest]] and [[Swabian Jura]]<ref name="EBStutt">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Stuttgart |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stuttgart-Germany |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095449/https://www.britannica.com/place/Stuttgart-Germany |url-status=live }}</ref> on the banks of the [[Neckar]] river at {{coord|48|47|N|9|11|E|type:city}} {{cvt|115|mi|km}} to the west and north of [[Munich]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The city is often described as being "''zwischen Wald und Reben''" ("between forest and vines") because of its viticulture and surrounding forests. Stuttgart covers an area of {{cvt|207.35|km2|sqmi|0}} and sits at elevation ranging from {{cvt|207|m|ft|0}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] by the [[Neckar]] river to {{cvt|549|m|ft|0}} on [[Bernhartshöhe]] hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the [[Birkenkopf]] ({{cvt|511|m|ft}}) on the edge of the [[Stuttgart basin]], the [[Württemberg (hill)|Württemberg]] ({{cvt|411|m|ft}}) rising above the Neckar valley, and the [[Grüner Heiner]] ({{cvt|395|m|ft}}) at the northeast end of the city.

[[File:RegionStuttgart.png|thumb|right|Stuttgart Region with centers]]
Stuttgart is one of 14 [[regional center]]s in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the [[Stuttgart Region]], making it the administrative centre for a region of {{cvt|3,700|km2|mi2}} containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and Area |url=https://www.region-stuttgart.org/information-und-download/region-in-zahlen/einwohner-und-flaeche/?noMobile=mjhrnjlo%20onfocus%3DblurLink%28this%29%3B |website=Region-Stuttgart.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103112515/https://www.region-stuttgart.org/information-und-download/region-in-zahlen/einwohner-und-flaeche/?noMobile=mjhrnjlo%20onfocus%3DblurLink%28this%29%3B |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for [[Esslingen (district)|Esslingen]] [[Districts of Germany|District]] cities [[Leinfelden-Echterdingen]] and [[Filderstadt]] as well as [[Ditzingen]], [[Gerlingen]], and [[Korntal-Münchingen]] in [[Ludwigsburg (district)|Ludwigsburg]] District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres [[Stuttgart Metropolitan Region]], an area of {{cvt|15000|km2|mi2}} containing 5.3 million persons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Network of European Metropolitan Areas in Germany: Stuttgart |url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart.html |website=deutsche-metropolregionen.org |publisher=IKM |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142722/http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#c9c9c3"
!style="border-top:1px;"|Mittelzentrum / Middle-Stage centers of the Stuttgart Region
|- style="background:#fff;"
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Backnang]], [[Bietigheim-Bissingen]] / [[Besigheim]], [[Böblingen]] / [[Sindelfingen]], [[Esslingen am Neckar]], [[Geislingen an der Steige|Geislingen]], [[Göppingen]], [[Herrenberg]], [[Kirchheim unter Teck]], [[Leonberg]], [[Ludwigsburg]] / [[Kornwestheim]], [[Nürtingen]], [[Schorndorf]], [[Vaihingen an der Enz]], [[Waiblingen]] / [[Fellbach]]
|}

{{wide image|Neckartalviadukt-untertuerkheim-ost.jpg|1000px|[[Untertürkheim]]}}

=== Climate ===
Stuttgart experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate: Baden-Württemberg |url=https://en.climate-data.org/region/363/ |website=Climate-Data.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042014/https://en.climate-data.org/region/363/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its summers are warm, with average highs around {{Convert|25|C|F}}, while its winters are chilly, with daily means just above freezing. Annually, the city receives average {{cvt|718.7|mm|in}} of rain.<ref name=Climate>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart Climate, Temperatures, and Weather Averages |url=http://www.stuttgart.climatemps.com/ |publisher=ClimaTemps.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122043300/http://www.stuttgart.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of {{cvt|9|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=Web>{{cite web |title=Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/147462?=Official_website_of_Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006181612/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/147462?=Official_website_of_Stuttgart |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, [[Swabian Alb]] mountains, the [[Black Forest]], [[Schurwald]], and the [[Swabian-Franconian Forest]] act as shields from harsh weather, nevertheless the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days. Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it had lasted several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging [[hailstorms]], such as in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Woppowa |first1=Stefan |last2=Odenhausen |first2=Michael |title=Storm Front Andreas – A 15-Minute Hailstorm With Catastrophic Consequences |url=http://www.genre.com/knowledge/publications/iipc1404-en.html |website=genre.com |publisher=GenRe |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002940/http://www.genre.com/knowledge/publications/iipc1404-en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as "''Hagelflieger''" are stationed near the city and are largely funded by [[Daimler AG]], who maintain several parking lots and factories in the municipal area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mit Silberjodid in die Gewitterwolken |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.naechste-runde-fuer-hagelflieger-hagelabwehr-findet-weitere-interessenten.1d02b00e-6ad7-4295-aa5e-76586a6b8ec6.html |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Stuttgarter-Nachrichten |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002948/https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.naechste-runde-fuer-hagelflieger-hagelabwehr-findet-weitere-interessenten.1d02b00e-6ad7-4295-aa5e-76586a6b8ec6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Stuttgart (Schnarrenberg) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–2014) 
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 17.1
|Feb record high C = 21.0
|Mar record high C = 24.6
|Apr record high C = 26.8
|May record high C = 31.5
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 37.0
|Aug record high C = 37.7
|Sep record high C = 32.2
|Oct record high C = 29.7
|Nov record high C = 20.3
|Dec record high C = 16.5
|year record high C = 37.7
|Jan record low C = -25.5
|Feb record low C = -20.3
|Mar record low C = -18.6
|Apr record low C = -6.3
|May record low C = -1.9
|Jun record low C = 3.3
|Jul record low C = 5.5
|Aug record low C = 3.8
|Sep record low C = 0.2
|Oct record low C = -6.3
|Nov record low C = -14.9
|Dec record low C = -18.5
|year record low C = -25.5
|Jan high C = 	4.9
|Feb high C = 	6.5
|Mar high C = 	10.9
|Apr high C = 	15.8
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	25.1
|Sep high C = 	20.3
|Oct high C = 	15.1
|Nov high C = 	9.1
|Dec high C = 	5.5
| year high C =	15.1
|Jan mean C = 	2.1
|Feb mean C = 	3.0
|Mar mean C = 	6.6
|Apr mean C = 	10.7
|May mean C = 	14.6
|Jun mean C = 	18.1
|Jul mean C = 	20.0
|Aug mean C = 	19.7
|Sep mean C = 	15.3
|Oct mean C = 	10.7
|Nov mean C = 	5.9
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.8
|Jan low C = 	-0.6
|Feb low C = 	-0.3
|Mar low C = 	2.5
|Apr low C = 	5.7
|May low C = 	9.7
|Jun low C = 	13.1
|Jul low C = 	15.0
|Aug low C = 	14.7
|Sep low C = 	10.8
|Oct low C = 	7.1
|Nov low C = 	3.0
|Dec low C = 	0.3
| year low C =	6.7
| precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	39.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 	32.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 	36.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 	35.4
|May precipitation mm = 	76.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 	75.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 	81.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 	72.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 	47.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	51.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 	49.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 	49.9
| year precipitation mm =	649.7
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 m	
|Jan precipitation days = 	15.8
|Feb precipitation days = 	13.7
|Mar precipitation days = 	13.5
|Apr precipitation days = 	12.4
|May precipitation days = 	15.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jul precipitation days = 	14.3
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.7
|Sep precipitation days = 	11.9
|Oct precipitation days = 	13.6
|Nov precipitation days = 	15.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	17.1
|year precipitation days = 	169.1
|Jan sun = 	69.3
|Feb sun = 	91.2
|Mar sun = 	142.5
|Apr sun = 	186.7
|May sun = 	209.5
|Jun sun = 	224.6
|Jul sun = 	241.6
|Aug sun = 	225.6
|Sep sun = 	169.4
|Oct sun = 	116.4
|Nov sun = 	72.0
|Dec sun = 	60.1
|year sun = 	1813.8
|Jan humidity = 	80.1
|Feb humidity = 	75.3
|Mar humidity = 	69.3
|Apr humidity = 	64.1
|May humidity = 	66.6
|Jun humidity = 	66.7
|Jul humidity = 	65.2
|Aug humidity = 	66.9
|Sep humidity = 	73.4
|Oct humidity = 	79.8
|Nov humidity = 	82.4
|Dec humidity = 	82.4	
| source 1 = [[NOAA]]/[[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174107/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg_10739.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg_10739.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref> <br/> Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Startseite |language=de |website=Dwd.de |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=May 2013
|source 2 = KNMI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |title=Stuttgart extreme values |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202192334/http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}