Editing South America (section)

===Outlying islands===
[[File:Village_Gran_Roque.jpg|thumb|The Gran Roque village, the largest settlement of the [[Los Roques Archipelago]], Venezuela]]

Physiographically, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. The Dutch [[ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC islands]] ([[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]]), the islands of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] ([[Trinidad Island]] and [[Tobago Island]] etc.), the [[Nueva Esparta|State of Nueva Esparta]], and the [[Federal Dependencies of Venezuela]] sit on the northern portion of the South American [[continental shelf]] and are sometimes considered parts of the continent. Geopolitically, all the island countries and territories in the [[Caribbean]] have generally been grouped as a [[Subregion#North America|subregion]] of North America instead. By contrast, [[Aves Island]] (administered by [[Venezuela]]) and the [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] ([[San Andrés Island]], [[Providencia Island]], and [[Santa Catalina Island (Colombia)|Santa Catalina Island]] etc., which are administered by [[Colombia]]) are politically parts of South American countries but physiographically parts of North America.<ref name="North America Atlas"/><ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=sameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w South America Atlas], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116135938/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/?xpop=1|date=16 November 2018}}, National Geographic.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|publisher=United Nations|date=20 September 2011|access-date=21 May 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004109/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other islands often associated with geopolitical South America are the [[Chiloé Archipelago]] and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] (both administered by Chile), [[Easter Island]] (culturally a part of Oceania, also administered by Chile),<ref name="protectedareas"/> the [[Galápagos Islands]] (administered by [[Ecuador]], sometimes considered part of Oceania),<ref name="protectedareas">{{cite book|title=Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania|date=1986|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=17 January 2022|quote=Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120062626/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hull|first1=Frank M.|title=A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania|date=1937|publisher=Department of Biology, University of Missouri|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf|access-date=17 January 2022|quote=Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126074835/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Oceania Bibliography|journal=Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research|year=1987|volume=25|issue=1|url=https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf|access-date=16 March 2022|quote=This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012745/https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Tierra del Fuego]] (split between Argentina and Chile). In the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil administers [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]], and the [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago]], while the [[Falkland Islands]] ({{langx|es|link=no|Islas Malvinas}}) and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] ([[Antarctic realm|biogeographically]] and [[Antarctic Convergence|hydrologically]] associated with Antarctica)<ref>{{Cite book|title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|page=2017}}</ref> have been administered as two [[British Overseas Territories]] under [[the Crown]], whose sovereignty over the islands is [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputed]] by [[Argentina]].

====Special cases====
An isolated [[volcanic island]] on the [[South American Plate]], [[Ascension Island]] is geologically a part of South America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mcee.ou.edu/bweaver/Ascension/ai-geol.htm|title=Ascension Island Geology|website=mcee.ou.edu|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219213042/http://mcee.ou.edu/bweaver/Ascension/ai-geol.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Administered as a dependency of [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]], the island is geopolitically [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa|a part]] of Africa.