Editing Solar flare (section)

==== Solar flare effect<span class="anchor" id="Magnetic crochet"></span> ====
{{See also|Ionospheric dynamo region}}
[[File:Diurnal ionospheric current.jpg|thumb|Electric currents in Earth's dayside ionosphere can be strengthened during a large solar flare]]
During non-flaring or solar quiet conditions, [[electric current]]s flow through the ionosphere's dayside E layer [[Electromagnetic induction|inducing]] small-amplitude diurnal variations in the geomagnetic field. These ionospheric currents can be strengthened during large solar flares due to increases in [[electrical conductivity]] associated with enhanced ionization of the E and D layers. The subsequent increase in the induced geomagnetic field variation is referred to as a '''solar flare effect''' ('''sfe''') or historically as a '''magnetic crochet'''. The latter term derives from the French word {{wikt-lang|fr|crochet}} meaning ''hook'' reflecting the hook-like disturbances in magnetic field strength observed by ground-based [[magnetometer]]s. These disturbances are on the order of a few [[Tesla (unit)|nanoteslas]] and last for a few minutes, which is relatively minor compared to those induced during geomagnetic storms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Richard |title=A Solar Flare Effect |url=https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Meteorology]] Space Weather Forecasting Centre |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Juan José |title=Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review |journal=Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |date=2020 |volume=10 |pages=27 |doi=10.1051/swsc/2020027 |bibcode=2020JSWSC..10...27C |s2cid=226442270 |url=https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/abs/2020/01/swsc190079/swsc190079.html|doi-access=free }}</ref>