Editing Sociology of sport (section)

===Sports and injury===
[[Prizefighting]] allows research into the violent body. Prizefighters transform their bodily capital into prizefighting capital, for the purpose of winning fame, status and wealth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wacquant |first1=Loïc J. D. |title=The Pugilistic Point of View: How Boxers Think and Feel about Their Trade |journal=Theory and Society |date=1995 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=66–67 |doi=10.1007/BF00993521 |jstor=657882 |s2cid=144506344 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/657882 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> Their bodies are exploited by managers, of which they are aware, describing themselves alternatively as [[prostitutes]], [[slaves]] and [[stallions]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wacquant |first1=LoÏc |title=Whores, Slaves and Stallions: Languages of Exploitation and Accommodation among Boxers |journal=Body & Society |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=2–3 |pages=181–194 |doi=10.1177/1357034X0100700210 |s2cid=144030276 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1357034X0100700210 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> Prizefighters accept the routine damage their bodies sustain, while at the same time fearing the effects of such damage. A frequent response to this is attempting to turn themselves into heroic [[personalities]]. All contact sports have violence as part of strategy to a certain extent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wacquant |first1=Loic J.D. |title=Pugs at Work: Bodily Capital and Bodily Labour among Professional Boxers |journal=Body & Society |date=995 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65–93 |doi=10.1177/1357034X95001001005 |s2cid=145591779 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1357034X95001001005 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> Sports violence is not individual, but is a product of socialization. Finn see [[footballers]] as socializing into a culture of quasi-violence, which accentuates different values than those in regular life. It accepts violence as central to the game.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Messner |first1=Michael A. |title=Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity |url=https://archive.org/details/poweratplaysport0000mess |date=1992 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=9780807041055 |page=[https://archive.org/details/poweratplaysport0000mess/page/71 71]}}</ref>

[[Physical injury]] of sportspeople can be seen through Beck's theory of a "[[risk society]]". A risk society is characterized by reflexive modernity, where members of society are well informed, critical and participate in the shaping of social structures. Unlike the routine risk of [[traditional society]], modern societies identify and minimize risks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Ulrich |title=Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity |date=1992 |publisher=SAGE |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=9781446223420}}</ref> Reflexive modernity in sports is evinced in isolation, minimizing and removal of causes of physical injury, while at the same time keeping the techniques and strategies particular to those sports. The lower classes have lower access to risk assessment and avoidance, and as such have a higher rate of participation in riskier sports.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giulianotti |first1=Richard |title=Sport kritička sociologija |date=2008 |publisher=Clio |location=Beograd |pages=172–173}}</ref>

Despite this, athletes are still thought to ignore and attempt to overcome pain, as overcoming pain is seen as brave and heroic. The capacity of the athlete to make the body seem invincible is an integral part of sports professionalism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=David |title=An ethnography of pain and injury in professional rugby union: The Case of Pontypridd RFC |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |date=September 2001 |volume=36 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/101269001036003003 |s2cid=146277415 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249733535 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> This ignoring of pain is often a key part of some sport subcultures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=Edward |title=DEALING WITH DANGER: The Normalization of Risk in Cycling |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |date=1999 |volume=34 |issue=2 |doi=10.1177/101269099034002005 |s2cid=143774370 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/101269099034002005 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> Children are also often exposed to acute pain and injuries, i.e. gymnastics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Joan |title=Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters |date=2000 |publisher=Warner Books |location=New York |isbn=9780446676823 |page=11}}</ref>