Editing Slavic languages (section)

==Influence on neighboring languages==
{{main|Slavicism}}
Most languages of the former [[Soviet Union]] and of some neighbouring countries (for example, [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]) are [[Russianism|significantly influenced by Russian]], especially in vocabulary. The [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] languages show the influence of the neighboring Slavic nations, especially in vocabulary pertaining to urban life, agriculture, and crafts and trade—the major cultural innovations at times of limited long-range cultural contact. In each one of these languages, Slavic lexical borrowings represent at least 15% of the total vocabulary. This is potentially because Slavic tribes crossed and partially settled the territories inhabited by ancient [[Illyria]]ns and [[Vlach]]s on their way to the [[Balkans]].{{sfn|Skorvid|2015|loc=p. 389, 396–397}}

=== Germanic languages ===
{{Expand section|No discussion of areal interactions with Scandinavian languages|date=June 2024}}
[[Max Vasmer]], a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Grenze}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|grens}}) was borrowed from the Common Slavic {{lang|sla|granica}}. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are [[Berlin]], [[Leipzig]] and [[Dresden]]. English derives ''[[Quark (cheese)|quark]]'' (a kind of cheese and [[Quark|subatomic particle]]) from the German {{lang|de|Quark}}, which in turn is derived from the Slavic {{lang|sla|tvarog}}, which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. The [[Nordic languages]] also have {{lang|sv|torg}}/''torv'' (market place) from Old Russian {{lang|orv|tъrgъ}} ({{Transliteration|orv|trŭgŭ}}) or Polish {{lang|pl|targ}},{{sfn|Hellquist|1922a}} {{lang|sv|humle}} ([[hops]]),{{sfn|Hellquist|1922b}}
{{lang|sv|räka}}/''reke''/''reje'' (shrimp, prawn),{{sfn|Hellquist|1922c}}
and, via [[Middle Low German]] {{lang|sv|tolk}} (interpreter) from Old Slavic {{lang|sla|tlŭkŭ}},{{sfn|Hellquist|1922d}} and {{lang|sv|pråm}}/''pram'' (barge) from West Slavonic {{lang|zlw|pramŭ}}.{{sfn|Hellquist|1922e}}

=== Finno-Ugric languages ===
[[Finnic languages|Finnic]] languages have many words in common with Slavic languages. According to Petri Kallio, this suggests Slavic words being borrowed into Finnic languages, as early as Proto-Finnic.{{sfn|Kallio|2006}} Many loanwords have acquired a Finnicized form, making it difficult to say whether such a word is natively Finnic or Slavic.{{sfn|Mustajoki|Protassova|2014}}

[[Russian dialects]] have numerous borrowings from [[Finno-Ugric languages]], particularly for forest terms and geographical names.<ref>Teush, O. À. (2019). "Borrowed names of forest and forest loci in the Russian dialects of the European North of Russia: Lexemes of Baltic-Finnish origin" [Article]. Bulletin of Ugric Studies, 9(2), 297-317. https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-2-297-317</ref><ref>Teush, O. А. (2019). "Borrowed names of forest and forest loci in the Russian dialects of European North of Russia: Lexemes of Sami and Volga-Finnish origin" [Article]. Bulletin of Ugric Studies, 9(3), 485-498. https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2019-9-3-485-49</ref> This is related to the expansion in 7th to the 11th centuries AD of [[Slavic people]] into the areas of Central Russia (near [[Moscow]]) previously populated by [[Finno-Ugric peoples]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smarthistories.com/early-russia-2/#:~:text=From%20the%207th%20to%20the,later%20also%20with%20East%20Slavs | title=Early Russia and East Slavs &#124; Smart History of Russia }}</ref> and the resulting genetic, cultural and linguistic exchange.

=== Other ===
The [[Czech language|Czech]] word {{lang|cs|[[wikt:robot|robot]]}} is now found in most languages worldwide, and the word ''[[pistol]]'', probably also from Czech,{{sfn|Titz|1922}} is found in many European languages.

A well-known Slavic word in almost all European languages is [[vodka]], a borrowing from Russian {{lang|ru|водка}} ({{Transliteration|ru|vodka}}, {{lit|little water}}), from common Slavic {{lang|sla|voda}} ('[[water]]', [[cognate]] to the English word ''water'') with the [[diminutive]] ending {{lang|sla|-ka}}.{{sfn|Merriam-Webster}}{{efn|{{OEtymD|vodka|accessdate = 18 May 2007}}}} Owing to the medieval [[fur trade]] with Northern Russia, Pan-European loans from Russian include such familiar words as ''[[sable]]''.{{efn|{{OEtymD|sable|accessdate = 18 May 2007}}}} The English word "[[vampire]]" was borrowed (perhaps via [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|vampire}}) from [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Vampir}}, in turn derived from Serbo-Croatian {{lang|sh-cyrl|вампир}} ({{Transliteration|sh|vampir}}), continuing [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] {{lang|sla|*ǫpyrь}},{{sfn|Wörterbuchnetz|2023}}{{sfn|Dauzat|1938}}{{sfn|Pfeifer|2006}}{{sfn|Skok|1974}}{{sfn|Tokarev|1982}}{{sfn|Vasmer|1953}}{{efn|{{OEtymD|vampire|accessdate = 21 September 2007}}}} although [[Poland|Polish]] scholar K. Stachowski has argued that the origin of the word is early Slavic {{lang|sla|*vąpěrь}}, going back to Turkic {{lang|trk|oobyr}}.{{sfn|Stachowski|2005}}

Several European languages, including [[English language|English]], have borrowed the word {{lang|zls|[[polje]]}} (meaning 'large, flat plain') directly from the former [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] languages (i.e. [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]]). During the heyday of the [[USSR]] in the 20th century, many more Russian words became known worldwide: {{Transliteration|ru|da}}, ''[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]'', {{Transliteration|ru|[[Sputnik 1|sputnik]]}}, {{Transliteration|ru|[[perestroika]]}}, {{Transliteration|ru|[[glasnost]]}}, {{Transliteration|ru|[[kolkhoz]]}}, etc. Another borrowed Russian term is {{Transliteration|ru|[[samovar]]}} ({{lit|self-boiling}}).