Editing Signal transduction (section)

====Toll-like receptors====
{{main|Toll-like receptor}}
When activated, toll-like receptors (TLRs) take adapter molecules within the cytoplasm of cells in order to propagate a signal. Four adaptor molecules are known to be involved in signaling, which are [[Myd88]], [[TIRAP]], [[TRIF]], and [[TRIF#Function|TRAM]].<ref name="Yamamoto_2003a">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Hoshino K, Kaisho T, Sanjo H, Takeuchi O, Sugiyama M, Okabe M, Takeda K, Akira S |date=August 2003 |title=Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway |journal=Science |volume=301 |issue=5633 |pages=640–3 |bibcode=2003Sci...301..640Y |doi=10.1126/science.1087262 |pmid=12855817 |s2cid=19276476 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto_2003b">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Uematsu S, Hoshino K, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Takeda K, Akira S |date=November 2003 |title=TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1144–50 |doi=10.1038/ni986 |pmid=14556004 |s2cid=13016860}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto_2002">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Sanjo H, Uematsu S, Kaisho T, Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kobayashi M, Fujita T, Takeda K, Akira S |date=November 2002 |title=Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4 |journal=Nature |volume=420 |issue=6913 |pages=324–9 |bibcode=2002Natur.420..324Y |doi=10.1038/nature01182 |pmid=12447441 |s2cid=16163262}}</ref> These adapters activate other intracellular molecules such as [[IRAK1]], [[IRAK4]], [[TANK-binding kinase 1|TBK1]], and [[IKKi]] that amplify the signal, eventually leading to the [[signal induction|induction]] or suppression of genes that cause certain responses. Thousands of genes are activated by TLR signaling, implying that this method constitutes an important gateway for gene modulation.