Editing Sarawak (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sarawak}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=Sarawak GDP share by sector (2021)<ref name="Sarawakeconomy2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09 |title=GDP By State (2016–2021) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=30 September 2021 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081413/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| label1 = Services
| value1 = 38.1
| color1 = #000080
| label2 = Manufacturing
| value2 = 24.9
| color2 = #800080
| label3 = Mining & Quarrying
| value3 = 20.6
| color3 = #008080
| label4 = Agriculture
| value4 = 14
| color4 = #008000
| label5 = Construction
| value5 = 4.9
| color5 = #808000
| label6 = Import Duties
| value6 = 0.3
| color6 = #8B0000
}}
[[File:Bintulu LNG port.jpg|thumb|left|An LNG port at Bintulu, Sarawak]]

Historically, Sarawak's economy was stagnant during the rule of previous three white Rajahs. After the formation of Malaysia, Sarawak GDP growth rate has risen due to increase in petroleum output and the rise in global petroleum prices. However, the state economy is less diversified and still heavily dependent upon the export of primary commodities when compared to Malaysia overall. The per capita GDP in Sarawak was lower than the national average from 1970 to 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Furuoka |first1=Fumitaka |title=Economic development in Sarawak, Malaysia. An overview |journal=Munich Personal RePEc Archive |date=2014 |issue=60477 |pages=1–13 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60477/1/MPRA_paper_60477.pdf |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> As of 2021, GDP per capita for Sarawak stands at RM 65,971 (US$15,173),<ref name="Dayak Daily"/> which is the third highest in Malaysia. However, the urban-rural income gap remained a major problem in Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government aims to close income gap between urban, rural areas – Uggah |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/29/government-aims-to-close-income-gap-between-urban-rural-areas-uggah/ |access-date=18 June 2017 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005060311/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/29/government-aims-to-close-income-gap-between-urban-rural-areas-uggah/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarawak is abundant in natural resources, and primary industries such as mining, agriculture, and forestry accounted for 32.8% of its economy in 2013.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy">{{cite web |url=http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |title=The State of Sarawak |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Malaysia Rating Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118060310/http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It also specialises in the manufacture of food and beverages, wood-based and [[rattan]] products, basic metal products, and [[petrochemical]]s,<ref name="State Planning Unit stats"/> as well as cargo and air services and tourism.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/>
The state's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) grew by 40.5% per year on average from 2010 to 2021,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Ngee Hui |title=High Growth SMEs and Regional Development – The Sarawak Perspective |url=http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900 |publisher=State Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister Department |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121023827/http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |date=2009}}</ref> but became very more volatile later on, ranging from −3.0% in 2009 to 35.0% in 2021. Sarawak contributed 9.5% of Malaysia's GDP in the nine years leading up to 2020, making it the third largest contributor after [[Selangor]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> From 2015 to 2021, the oil and gas industry accounted for 55.2% of the Sarawak government's revenue. It attracted RM&nbsp;80 billion (US$17.85&nbsp;billion) in foreign investments, with 95% going to the [[Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy]] (SCORE), the second largest [[economic corridor]] in Malaysia.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/>

Sarawak has an estimate of 800 million barrels of [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven oil reserves]] with further are to be discovered based on recent findings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recoda.gov.my/priority-industries/oil-based-industries/|title=Oil & Gas Industry|work=Regional Corridor Development Authority (RECODA)|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210231308/https://recoda.gov.my/priority-industries/oil-based-industries/|archive-date=10 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The export-oriented economy is dominated by [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), which accounts for more than half of total exports. Crude petroleum accounts for 45.1%, while palm oil, [[sawlog]]s, and [[Lumber|sawn timber]] account for 12.0% collectively.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> The state receives a 5% [[royalty payment|royalty]] from [[Petronas]] over oil explorations in its territorial waters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desmond |first1=Davidson |title=Adenan pledges to keep fighting for 20% oil royalty |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty |access-date=19 November 2015 |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812052453/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty |archive-date=12 August 2015 |quote=Sarawak Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem today admitted the oil and gas royalty negotiations – for a hike of 15% from 5% to 20% – with Petronas and Putrajaya have ended in deadlock, but has vowed to fight for it "as long as I'm alive".}}</ref> Most of the oil and gas deposits are located offshore next to Bintulu and Miri at [[Balingian]] basin, Baram basin, and around Luconia Shoals.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rasoul |first1=Sorkhabi |title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays |date=2012 |volume=9 |issue=4 |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |access-date=20 November 2015 |magazine=GEO Ex Pro |quote=A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo. |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030834/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarawak is one of the world's largest exporters of tropical [[Hardwood timber production|hardwood timber]], constituting 65% of the total Malaysian log exports in 2000. The last [[United Nations]] statistics in 2001 estimated Sarawak's sawlog exports at an average of {{cvt|14,109,000|m3}} per year between 1996 and 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=An overview of forest products statistics in South and Southeast Asia – National forest products statistics, Malaysia |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO) |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724070615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm |archive-date=24 July 2015 |quote=In 2000, of the country's total sawlog production of 23 million m3, Peninsular Malaysia contributed 22 percent, Sabah 16 percent, and Sarawak 62 percent. Sawlog production figures for 1996–2000 are shown in Table 2.}}</ref>

In 1955, [[OCBC Bank|OCBC]] became the first foreign bank to operate in Sarawak, with other overseas banks following suit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharon |first1=Kong |title=Foreign banks in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/ |access-date=21 November 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912015846/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> Other notable Sarawak-based companies include [[Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad]], Naim Holdings, and [[Rimbunan Hijau]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarawak shakers |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=/2010/3/27/business/5917875 |access-date=21 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035518/http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2010%2F3%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F5917875 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
[[File:Bakun Dam Power House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Turbines]] inside the Bakun Dam power house. The dam is the main source for [[electric energy]] in Sarawak.]]
Electricity in Sarawak, supplied by the state-owned [[Sarawak Energy]] Berhad (SEB),<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio"/> is primarily sourced from traditional coal fired power plants and [[thermal power station]]s using LNG,<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio">{{cite web |title=Generation Portfolio |url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio |publisher=[[Sarawak Energy]] |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124061528/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio |archive-date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Core Business Activities |url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities |publisher=[[Sarawak Energy]] |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710003252/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities |archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> but diesel based sources and hydroelectricity are also utilised. There are 3 hydroelectric dams {{As of|2015|lc=y}} at [[Batang Ai Dam|Batang Ai]],<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan">{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Dams in Sarawak |url=http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8 |publisher=Sarawak Integrated Water Resources – Management Master Plan |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014245/http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8 |archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Bakun,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Wong |title=Bakun at 50% capacity producing 900MW |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/07/22/Bakun-at-50-capacity-Sarawak-dam-producing-an-average-of-900MW-By-Jack-Wong-starbizthestarcommy/?style=biz |access-date=23 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=22 July 2014}}</ref> and Murum,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Christopher |first1=Lindom |title=Making HEPs in Sarawak safe |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/ |access-date=23 November 2015 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014941/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/ |archive-date=23 November 2015 |quote=...&nbsp;Murum HEP had officially started commercial operation on 8 June 2015,"...}}</ref> with several others under construction.<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan"/> In early 2016, SEB signed Malaysia's first energy export deal to supply electricity to neighbouring [[West Kalimantan]] in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia |title=Malaysia exports electricity to Indonesia |author=CK Tan |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515075142/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia |archive-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2008, SCORE was established as a framework to develop the energy sector in the state, specifically the Murum, [[Baram Dam|Baram]], and Baleh Dams as well as potential coal-based power plants,<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Strategy |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185928/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> and 10{{nbsp}}high priority industries out to 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is SCORE? |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015931/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy – Register your interest |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141532/http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> The Regional Corridor Development Authority is the government agency responsible for managing SCORE.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is RECODA |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185839/http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The entire central region of Sarawak is covered under SCORE, including areas such as Samalaju (near Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, and Mukah.<ref>{{cite web |title=SCORE Areas |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141442/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> Samalaju will be developed as an industrial park,<ref>{{cite web |title=Samalaju – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117183904/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> with Tanjung Manis as a [[halal]] food hub,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanjung Manis – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117085730/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> and Mukah as the administrative centre for SCORE with a focus on resource-based research and development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukah – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117162533/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
[[File:French Gypsy band performing during RWMF 2006.jpg|thumb|left|French [[Romani people|Romani]] Manouche band performing during [[Rainforest World Music Festival]] 2006]]

Tourism plays a major role in the economy of Sarawak and contributed 7.9% of the state's GDP in 2016.<ref name="tourist2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/03/16/rm60-million-boost-for-state-tourism/ |title=RM60 million boost for state tourism |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=19 July 2018 |author=Chen Ai Shih |date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
Foreign visitors to Sarawak are predominantly from Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Germany, Australia, Belgium, South Korea, and United Kingdom.<ref name="tourist2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/07/17/higher-visitor-arrivals-in-2017-over-rm8-billion-earned-minister/ |title=Higher visitor arrivals in 2017, over RM8 billion earned — Minister |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=19 July 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}</ref> A number of different organisations, both state and private, are involved in the promotion of tourism in Sarawak: the Sarawak Tourism Board is the state body responsible for tourism promotion in the state, various private tourism groups are united under the Sarawak Tourism Federation, and the Sarawak Convention Bureau is responsible for attracting conventions, conferences, and corporate events which are held in the [[Borneo Convention Centre Kuching|Borneo Convention Centre in Kuching]].<ref name="Oxford Business Group Tourism">{{cite web |title=Sarawak's tourism strategy focuses on sustainable development |date=23 April 2015 |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001355/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development |archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> The public and private bodies in Sarawak hold a biannual event to award the Sarawak Hornbill Tourism Award, an award for achievements within various categories, to recognise businesses and individuals for their efforts in the development of tourism within the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ava |first1=Lai |title=Valuable prizes await Hornbill winners |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/07/29/Valuable-prizes-await-Hornbill-winners/ |access-date=20 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

The [[Rainforest World Music Festival]] is the region's primary musical event, attracting more than 50,000 people annually.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarawak fest certain to be a rare treat |url=https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110222/282338266363076 |date=22 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |via=[[PressReader]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Other events that are held regularly in Sarawak are the Anugerah Seri Angkasa (ASA), ASEAN International Film Festival, [[Borneo Music Festival Live]], [[Borneo Jazz Festival]], [[Borneo Cultural Festival]], and Borneo International Kite Festival.<ref name="Oxford Business Group Tourism"/> Major shopping complexes in Sarawak include The Spring, Boulevard, VivaCity, Plaza Merdeka, City One, and AEON shopping malls in Kuching,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228001618/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |archive-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Bintang Megamall, Boulevard, Imperial Mall, and Miri Plaza shopping malls in Miri<ref>{{cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Miri |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204143926/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board}}</ref> and NAIM Bintulu Paragon Street Mall, [[The Spring Bintulu|The Spring]], Boulevard Shopping Mall, Crown Pacific Mall, Commerce Square Mall, Times Square Megamall, and Parkcity Mall in Bintulu.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Sarawak tourist arrival statistics<ref name="tourist2015">{{cite news |title=Fewer tourists visited Sarawak last year, DUN told |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/16/fewer-tourists-visited-sarawak-last-year-dun-told/#ixzz4BiYr0pTx |newspaper=[[The Borneo Post]] |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulling more tourists to Sarawak">{{cite news |title=Pulling more tourists to Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |newspaper=[[The Borneo Post]] |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065556/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |title=Visitor Arrivals into Sarawak 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701023910/http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tourist2016"/><ref name="tourist2017"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mtac.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-47-Statistic.html |title=Statistic |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806234840/https://mtac.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-47-Statistic.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Key tourism indicators
! 2010
! 2011
! 2012
! 2013
! 2014
! 2015
! 2016
! 2017
! 2018
! 2019
|-
! Foreign arrivals (millions)
| 1.897 || 2.343 || 2.635 || 2.665 || 2.996 || 2.497 || 2.258 || 2.639 || 2.113 || 2.082
|-
! Domestic arrivals (West Malaysia and Sabah) (millions)
| 1.373 || 1.452 || 1.434 || 1.707 || 1.862 || 2.020 || 2.402 || 2.217 || 2.318 || 2.560
|-
! Total arrivals (millions)
| 3.271 || 3.795 || 4.069 || 4.372 || 4.858 || 4.517 || 4.661 || 4.856 || 4.431 || 4.662
|-
! Total tourism receipts, billions (RM)
| 6.618 || 7.914|| 8.573 || 9.588 || 10.686 || 9.870 || 8.370 || 8.590 || 7.960 || N/A
|-
! Total tourism receipts, billions (equivalent USD)
| 1.489 || 2.374|| 2.786 || 2.876 || 3.206 || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A
|}