Editing Sappho (section)

===Modern reception===
[[File:SapphoWoodcut.jpg|thumb|left|In the medieval period, Sappho had a reputation as an educated woman and talented poet. In this woodcut, illustrating an early [[incunable]] of [[Boccaccio]]'s ''[[De mulieribus claris]]'', she is portrayed surrounded by books and musical instruments.|alt=A seated woman playing a lute; more instruments are on the floor and there is a pile of books behind her]]
By the medieval period, Sappho's works had been lost, though she was still quoted in later authors. Her work became more accessible in the 16th century through printed editions of those authors who had quoted her. In 1508 [[Aldus Manutius]] printed an edition of [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], which contained Sappho 1, the Ode to Aphrodite, and the first printed edition of [[On the Sublime|Longinus' ''On the Sublime'']], complete with his quotation of Sappho 31, appeared in 1554. In 1566, the French printer Robert Estienne produced an edition of the Greek lyric poets that contained around 40 fragments attributed to Sappho.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=84}}

In 1652, the first English translation of a poem by Sappho was published, in [[John Hall (poet)|John Hall]]'s translation of ''On the Sublime''. In 1681 [[Anne Le Fèvre]]'s French edition of Sappho made her work even more widely known.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=501}} [[Theodor Bergk]]'s 1854 edition became the standard edition of Sappho in the second half of the 19th century;{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=229}} in the first part of the 20th century, the papyrus discoveries of new poems by Sappho led to editions and translations by [[Edwin Marion Cox]] and [[John Maxwell Edmonds]], and culminated in the 1955 publication of [[Edgar Lobel]]'s and [[Denys Page]]'s ''Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta''.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=337}}

Like the ancients, modern critics have tended to consider Sappho's poetry "extraordinary".{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=449}} As early as the ninth century, Sappho was referred to as a talented female poet,{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} and in works such as [[Boccaccio]]'s ''[[De Claris Mulieribus]]'' and [[Christine de Pisan]]'s ''[[Book of the City of Ladies]]'' she gained a reputation as a learned lady.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=82–3}} Even after Sappho's works had been lost, the Sapphic stanza continued to be used in medieval lyric poetry,{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} and with the rediscovery of her work in the Renaissance, she began to increasingly influence European poetry. In the 16th century, members of [[La Pléiade]], a circle of French poets, were influenced by her to experiment with Sapphic stanzas and with writing love-poetry with a first-person female voice.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}}

{{quote box|quote=<poem>    Thy soul
Grown delicate with satieties,
Atthis.
                        O Atthis,
I long for thy lips.

I long for thy narrow breasts,
Thou restless, ungathered.</poem>{{br}} &mdash; Ezra Pound, "ἰμέρρω":{{sfn|Pound|1917|p=55}} adaptation of [[Sappho 96]]}}
From the [[Romantic era]], Sappho's work – especially her Ode to Aphrodite – has been a key influence of conceptions of what lyric poetry should be.{{sfn|Kurke|2007|pp=165–166}} Poets such as [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] in the 19th century, and [[A. E. Housman]] in the 20th century, have been influenced by her poetry. Tennyson based poems including "Eleanore" and "Fatima" on Sappho's fragment 31,{{sfn|Peterson|1994|p=123}} while three of Housman's works are adaptations of the [[Midnight Poem]], long thought to be by Sappho though the authorship is now disputed.{{sfn|Sanford|1942|pp=223–4}} At the beginning of the 20th century, the [[Imagists]] – especially [[Ezra Pound]], [[H. D.]], and [[Richard Aldington]] – were influenced by Sappho's fragments; a number of Pound's poems in his early collection ''Lustra'' were adaptations of Sapphic poems, while H. D.'s poetry frequently echoed Sappho stylistically and thematically, and in some cases, such as "Fragment 40", more specifically invoke Sappho's writing.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=310–312}}

Western classical composers have also been inspired by Sappho.  The story of Sappho and Phaon began to appear in opera in the late 18th century, for example in [[Simon Mayr]]'s ''[[Saffo (Mayr)|Saffo]]''; in the 19th century [[Charles Gounod]]'s ''[[Sapho (Gounod)|Sapho]]'' and [[Giovanni Pacini]]'s ''[[Saffo (Pacini)|Saffo]]'' portrayed a Sappho involved in political revolts.  In the 20th century, [[Peggy Glanville-Hicks]]' opera ''Sappho'' was based on the play by [[Lawrence Durrell]].{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}}  Instrumental works inspired by Sappho include ''Chant sapphique'' by [[Camille Saint-Saëns]],{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} and  the percussion piece ''[[Psappha (Xenakis)|Psappha]]'' by [[Iannis Xenakis]].{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2019|loc=§ "Early Modern and Modern Reception"}}  Composers have also set Sappho's own poetry to music: for example Xenakis' ''[[Aïs (Xenakis)|Aïs]]'', which uses text from fragment 95, and ''Charaxos, Eos and Tithonos'' (2014) by [[Theodore Antoniou]], based on the 2014 discoveries.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2019|loc=§ "Early Modern and Modern Reception"}}

[[File:Cropped image of Sappho from Raphael's Parnassus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Detail (work of art)|Detail]] of Sappho from [[Raphael]]'s ''[[The Parnassus|Parnassus]]'' (1510–11), shown alongside other poets. In her left hand, she holds a scroll with her name written on it, and in her right a lyre.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}}|alt=A woman seated on a rock, holding a lyre in one hand and a scroll with the word "Sappho" in the other]]

It was not long after the rediscovery of Sappho that her sexuality once again became the focus of critical attention. In the early 17th century, [[John Donne]] wrote "Sapho to Philaenis", returning to the idea of Sappho as a hypersexual lover of women.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=85–6}} The modern debate on Sappho's sexuality began in the 19th century, with Welcker publishing, in 1816, an article defending Sappho from charges of prostitution and lesbianism, arguing that she was [[Chastity|chaste]]{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} – a position that was later taken up by Wilamowitz at the end of the 19th and [[Henry Thornton Wharton]] at the beginning of the 20th centuries.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=295}} In the 19th century Sappho was co-opted by [[Charles Baudelaire]] in France and later [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] in England for the [[Decadent Movement]].  The critic [[Douglas Bush]] characterised Swinburne's sadomasochistic Sappho as "one of the daughters of [[Marquis de Sade|de Sade]]", the French author known for his violent pornographic books.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=231–2}} By the late 19th century, lesbian writers such as [[Michael Field (author)|Michael Field]]{{efn|Michael Field was the shared pseudonym of the poets and lovers Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=261}}}} and [[Amy Levy]] became interested in Sappho for her sexuality,{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=261}} and by the turn of the 20th century she was considered a "patron saint of lesbians".{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=294}}

From the beginning of the 19th century, women poets such as [[Felicia Hemans]] (''The Last Song of Sappho'') and [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] (''Sketch the First. Sappho'', and in ''Ideal Likenesses'') took Sappho as one of their progenitors. Sappho also began to be regarded as a role model for campaigners for women's rights, beginning with works such as [[Caroline Norton]]'s ''The Picture of Sappho''.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} Later in that century, she became a model for the so-called [[New Woman]] – independent and educated women who desired social and sexual autonomy –{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=258–9}} and by the 1960s, the feminist Sappho was – along with the hypersexual, often but not exclusively lesbian Sappho – one of the two most important cultural perceptions of her.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=359}}

The discoveries of new poems by Sappho in 2004 and 2014 excited both scholarly and media attention.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} The announcement of the Tithonus poem was the subject of international news coverage, and was described by Marilyn Skinner as "the ''[[wikt:trouvaille|trouvaille]]'' of a lifetime".{{sfn|Skinner|2011}}  The publication of the Brothers Poem a decade later saw further news coverage and discussion on social media, while [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]] described the 2014 discoveries as "the greatest for 92 years".{{sfn|Finglass|2021|pp=238&ndash;239}}