Editing Saint John, New Brunswick (section)

==Economy==
[[File:Colsen cove park 009.jpg|thumb|Colsen Cove generating station]]
[[File:Old Post Office Saint John.JPG|thumb|The Old Post Office]]
Saint John's location along the [[Bay of Fundy]] has been of major importance to the city's prosperity. The bay's dramatic [[tidal range]] prevents the [[harbour]] from icing over, allowing the city to be accessible all year round.<ref name=GedMartin>{{cite web |title=Geography and Governance: The Problem of Saint John (New Brunswick) 1785 – 1927 – Ged Martin |url=https://www.gedmartin.net/martinalia-mainmenu-3/237-geography-and-governance-the-problem-of-saint-john-new-brunswick-1785-1927 |website=gedmartin.net}}</ref> Shipbuilding, shipping and lumber trade rose as prominent industries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=C. Anne |title=The Rebuilding of Saint John New Brunswick 1877–1881 |url=http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/nb/rebuilding-saint-john.pdf}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia>{{cite web |title=Saint John |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> By 1840, one-third of New Brunswick's timber, as well as two-thirds of its sawn lumber and manufactured wood products, were exported through Saint John.<ref name=GedMartin/> At one point, Saint John was [[British North America]]'s biggest shipbuilding city,<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic Winter Port: A History of the Port of Saint John {{!}} Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 |url=https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/history-of-port-of-saint-john |website=pier21.ca}}</ref> constructing many well-known ships, including the [[Marco Polo (1851 ship)|''Marco Polo'']].<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> However, these industries suffered a decline in trade due to technological advancements,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John {{!}} History & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-John-New-Brunswick |website=britannica.com |date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> which was only made worse with the [[1877 Great Fire of Saint John|Great Fire of Saint John]] in 1877.<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> Shipbuilding in Saint John permanently ceased in 2003 following the closure of the [[Saint John Shipbuilding|Saint John shipyard]], which had been idle for the past three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irving family closing idled Saint John shipyard |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/irving-family-closing-idled-saint-john-shipyard-1.396417 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 27, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Shipyard and Dry Dock Co Ltd |url=https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp-database/st.-john-county/city-of-saint-john-points-of-interest/saint-john-shipyard-and-dry-dock-co-ltd.php |website=unb.ca |publisher=University of New Brunswick |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

Today, Saint John benefits from industries such as tourism, reporting a tourism expenditure of $282 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISCOVER SAINT JOHN 2018 ANNUAL REPORT |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/sites/default/files/2019-05/DSJ_AGM_AnnualReport2018%20FINAL.pdf |website=discoversaintjohn.com |publisher=Discover Saint John |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> [[Port of Saint John]], the city's port, allows for a capacity of three cruise ships, and has been a cruise ship destination since 1989,<ref>{{cite web |title=CRUISE LINES |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-lines |website=Port Saint John}}</ref> first welcoming the [[MS Cunard Princess|MS ''Cunard Princess'']].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGillivray |first1=Robert |title=Canada Cruise Port Reaches Major Passenger Milestone |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/canada-cruise-port-reaches-major-passenger-milestone/82452 |work=Cruise Hive |date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Saint John receives around 80 cruise ships annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=Meet the marine pilots guiding huge ships into Saint John's notoriously difficult port |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/port-saint-john-jobs-1.6862612 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> As of the 2023 cruise schedule, Saint John is scheduled to receive 190,680 passengers' worth of cruise ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cruise Schedule |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-schedule |website=Port Saint John|date=3 February 2025 }}</ref> The port also carries over 20 million metric tonnes of cargo annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2022 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6318b8de1ebc0b67bdc039aa/t/64c001c5b358507e427049ba/1690304977031/Smaller+Updated+Port+SJ+Annual+Report+2022-Eng.pdf |publisher=Port Saint John |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>

===Arts and culture===
[[File:Fiddlehead Saint John.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Fiddlehead]] sculpture at the Saint John Arts Centre in the city's uptown]]
The arts and culture sector plays a large role in Saint John's economy. The Imperial Theatre is home to the highly acclaimed Saint John Theatre Company, and the Symphony New Brunswick and hosts a large collection of plays, concerts and other stage productions year-round. Harbour Station entertainment complex is home to the Saint John Sea Dogs of the QMJHL.

Art galleries in Saint John cover the uptown, more than any other Atlantic Canadian city.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Artists like [[Miller Brittain]] and [[Fred Ross (artist)|Fred Ross]] have made Uptown Saint John their home, and now the torch has been passed to artists like Gerard Collins, Cliff Turner and Peter Salmon and their respective galleries. Uptown art galleries also include the Paris Crew, Trinity Galleries, Citadel Gallery, Handworks Gallery and the Saint John Arts Centre (SJAC). The SJAC in the Carnegie Building hosts art exhibits, workshops, local songwriters' circles and other shows too small to be featured at the grand Imperial Theatre.

===Heavy industry===
Saint John maintains industrial infrastructure in the city's East side such as Canada's largest [[Irving Oil Refinery|oil refinery]] as well as the country's largest dry dock. Capitalist [[Kenneth Colin Irving|K.C. Irving]] and his family built his unfettered industrial conglomerate in the city by buying up mills, shipyards, media outlets, and other industrial infrastructure during the 20th century, and still continue to this day. Today Irving dominates the city and province with stakes in oil, forestry, shipbuilding, media and transportation. Irving companies remain dominant employers in the region with North America's first deepwater oil terminal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/CAN_Saint_John_Port_130.php |title=Saint John Port |website=World Port Source |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> a pulp mill, a paper mill and a tissue paper plant.

Other important economic activity in the city is generated by the [[Port of Saint John]].{{how|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjport.com/|title=Port Saint John|website=sjport.com/}}</ref>

Saint John has a long history of brewers, such as Simeon Jones, The Olands, and James Ready. The city is now home to Moosehead Breweries, James Ready Brewing Co., Big Tide Brewing Co., Picaroon's and other craft brewers. The [[Moosehead Brewery]] (established in 1867, is Canada's only nationally distributed independent brewery [M. Nicholson]), James Ready Brewing Co., the [[New Brunswick Power Corporation]] which operates three electrical generating stations in the region including the [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station]], [[Bell Aliant]] which operates out of the former [[New Brunswick Telephone]] headquarters, the Horizon Health Network, which operates 5 hospitals in the Saint John area,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.horizonnb.ca/home/facilities-and-services/facilities.aspx?cat=1&type=hospital |title=Facilities: Hospitals |publisher=Horizon Health Services |access-date=August 26, 2019}} Hospitals in the Saint John Region: Charlotte County Hospital, Grand Manan Hospital, Saint John Regional Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital and Sussex Health Centre.</ref> and numerous [[information technology]] companies. There are also a number of [[call centres]] which were established in the 1990s under provincial government incentives.

{{wide image|Stjohnpanoramo.jpg|1800px|View from Fort Howe of the Saint John skyline prior to Peel Plaza}}

===Maritime industries===
{{main|Port of Saint John}}

[[File:Port of Saint John in New Brunswick, Canada.jpg|thumb|A [[container ship]] loading at the [[Port of Saint John]]]]
Saint John is a major Canadian port, and the only city on the Bay of Fundy. Until the first decade of the 21st century, Canada's largest shipyard (Irving Shipbuilding) had been an important employer in the city. During the 1980s-early 1990s the shipyard was responsible for building 9 of the 12 {{sclass|Halifax|frigate|0}} multi-purpose patrol [[frigate]]s for the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Canadian Navy]]. However, the Irving family closed the shipyard in 2003 and centralized in Halifax leaving the Saint John dry dock sitting idle.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Ecological research on surrounding marine life of the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John and Kennebecasis Rivers is centred in the city. The University of New Brunswick's Marine Biology department in Saint John as well as local NGO's and the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans heads the majority of research and monitoring work on marine life and environments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unb.ca/academics/programs/science/marine-biology.html |title=Marine Biology |publisher=UNB |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

Traditional fisheries (lobster, scallops etc.) still make up the livelihood for many Saint Johners today. Aquaculture, primarily Atlantic Salmon farming, has grown to be a major employer in the region as the decline of other traditional wild fisheries has unfolded in recent decades. Cooke Aquaculture, one of the largest companies in the industry is headquartered in Saint John.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cookeseafood.com/ |title=Cooke Seafood |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

Prior to the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] in 1959, the Port of Saint John functioned as the winter port for [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] when shipping was unable to traverse the [[sea ice]] in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and [[St. Lawrence River]]. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] opened a line to Saint John from Montreal in 1889 across the state of [[Maine]] and transferred the majority of its trans-Atlantic passenger and cargo shipping to the port during the winter months. The port fell into decline following the seaway opening and the start of year-round [[icebreaker]] services in the 1960s. In 1994 CPR left Saint John when it sold the line to [[Short-line railroad|shortline]] operator [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]]. The [[Canadian National Railway]] still services Saint John with a secondary mainline from [[Moncton]]. Despite these setbacks, Port Saint John is the largest port by volume in Eastern Canada, at about 28 million metric tonnes of cargo per year, including [[Shipping container|containers]] and [[bulk cargo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Port Saint John |url=https://www.sjport.com/ |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Exports ===
Saint John is a major exporter to the [[United States]], with 96.3% of the city's exports being sent past the border according to the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. This was particularly highlighted in light of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariff threats]] against the country due to research by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce concluding that Saint John is the most vulnerable Canadian city in the potentiality of a [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|trade war between both countries]] with a trade exposure index of 131.1%, which is nearly 50% higher than the second-ranked city of [[Calgary]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Saint John tops list of Canadian cities with most to lose in U.S. tariff war |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-impact-tariffs-1.7458224 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=February 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lau |first1=Rebecca |last2=Rohilla |first2=Reeti Meenakshi |title=Why Saint John, N.B. would feel massive impact from U.S. tariffs |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11015975/tariffs-saint-john-us-canada-trump-irving/ |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=[[Global News]] |date=February 13, 2025}}</ref> The study highlighted the Irving Oil Refinery, noting that over 80% of its exports go to the United States. Irving announced a tariff response plan as a result of this, in which all tariff costs on oil exported to the country will be absorbed by U.S. customers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waugh |first1=Andrew |title=Tariffs would hurt Saint John most in Canada: study |url=https://tj.news/new-brunswick/tariffs-would-hurt-saint-john-most-in-canada-study |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=February 11, 2025}}</ref>