Editing Sailing (section)

====Upwind====
A sailing craft can sail on a course anywhere outside of its no-go zone.<ref name=Cunliffe>
{{cite book
 | last = Cunliffe
 | first = Tom
 | title = The Complete Day Skipper: Skippering with Confidence Right From the Start
 | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing
 | edition = 5
 | date = 2016
 | page=46
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9b-gCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46
 | isbn = 978-1-4729-2418-6 }}</ref> If the next waypoint or destination is within the arc defined by the no-go zone from the craft's current position, then it must perform a series of [[Tacking (sailing)|tacking maneuvers]] to get there on a zigzag route, called ''beating to windward''.<ref name=Cruising>
{{cite journal|last=Cunliffe|first=Tom|date=January 1988|title=The shortest route to windward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InheK-WGcAcC&pg=PA63|journal=Cruising World|volume=14|issue=1|pages=58–64|issn=0098-3519}}</ref> The progress along that route is called the ''course made good''; the speed between the starting and ending points of the route is called the ''speed made good'' and is calculated by the distance between the two points, divided by the travel time.<ref name=Jobson2>
{{cite book
 | last = Jobson
 | first = Gary
 | title = Sailing Fundamentals
 | publisher = Simon and Schuster
 | edition = Revised
 | date = 2008
 | pages = 224
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC
 | isbn = 978-1-4391-3678-2 }}</ref> The limiting line to the waypoint that allows the sailing vessel to leave it to leeward is called the ''layline''.<ref name=Positioning>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Walker
 | first1 = Stuart H.
 | last2 = Price
 | first2 = Thomas C.
 | title = Positioning: The Logic of Sailboat Racing
 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
 | date = 1991
 | page = 192
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5RWPv7tBnDsC&pg=PA192
 | isbn = 978-0-393-03339-7 }}</ref> Whereas some [[Bermuda rig|Bermuda-rigged]] sailing yachts can sail as close as 30° to the wind,<ref name=Jobson2/> most 20th-Century square riggers are limited to 60° off the wind.<ref name=Findlay>
{{cite book|last=Findlay|first=Gordon D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFWjOMvGs4C&pg=PA138|title=My Hand on the Tiller|date=2005|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781456793500|page=138}}</ref> [[Fore-and-aft rig]]s are designed to operate with the wind on either side, whereas [[square rig]]s and [[kite]]s are designed to have the wind come from one side of the sail only.

Because the lateral wind forces are highest when sailing close-hauled, the resisting water forces around the vessel's keel, centerboard, rudder and other foils must also be highest in order to limit sideways motion or [[leeway]]. Ice boats and land yachts minimize lateral motion with resistance from their blades or wheels.<ref name=Fabio>{{cite book
 | last = Fossati
 | first = Fabio
 | title = Aero-hydrodynamics and the Performance of Sailing Yachts: The Science Behind Sailing Yachts and Their Design
 | publisher = Adlard Coles Nautical
 | date = 1 November 2009
| pages = 352
 | isbn = 978-1408113387 }}</ref>

=====Changing tack by tacking=====
{{Further|Tacking (sailing)#For various sailing craft}}
[[File:Canada and Vencedor – 1896.jpg|thumb|Two sailing yachts on opposite tacks]]
''Tacking'' or ''coming about'' is a maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its [[bow (ship)|bow]] into and through the wind (referred to as "the eye of the wind"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ell |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgxobVjcJSgC&dq=sailingl+%22eye+of+the+wind%22&pg=PA49 |title=Dinghy Sailing |date=2002 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2474-6 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref>) so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack.<ref name=Keegan>{{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |author-link=John Keegan |title=The Price of Admiralty |publisher=Viking |date=1989 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/281 281] |isbn=978-0-670-81416-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/281 }}</ref> The type of sailing rig dictates the procedures and constraints on achieving a tacking maneuver. Fore-and-aft rigs allow their sails to hang limp as they tack; square rigs must present the full frontal area of the sail to the wind, when changing from side to side; and [[windsurfer]]s have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:Wende (Segeln).png|Tacking from the port tack (bottom) to the starboard (top) tack
File:Tacking Intervals.svg|Beating to windward on short (P1), medium (P2), and long (P3) tacks
</gallery>