Editing Safe sex (section)

==Abstinence==
[[Sexual abstinence]] reduces STIs and pregnancy risks associated with [[Human sexual activity|sexual contact]], but STIs may also be transmitted through non-sexual means, or by [[rape]]. HIV may be transmitted through contaminated needles used in [[tattoo]]ing, [[body piercing]], or [[Injection (medicine)|injections]]. Medical or dental procedures using contaminated instruments can also spread HIV, while some health-care workers have acquired HIV through occupational exposure to accidental injuries with needles.<!--
- --><ref name="HIV">{{cite journal |vauthors=Do AN, Ciesielski CA, Metler RP, Hammett TA, Li J, Fleming PL |title=Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: national case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=86–96 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12602690 |doi=10.1086/502178 |s2cid=20112502 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235694}}</ref> Evidence does not support the use of [[abstinence-only sex education]].<ref name=Obs07>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ott MA, Santelli JS |title=Abstinence and abstinence-only education |journal=Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=446–452 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17885460 |pmc=5913747 |doi=10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b }}</ref> Abstinence-only sex education programs have been found to be ineffective in decreasing rates of [[HIV]] infection in the developed world<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |title=Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages=CD005421 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17943855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2 |veditors=Operario D}}</ref> and [[unintended pregnancy|unplanned pregnancy]].<ref name=Obs07/> Abstinence-only sex education primarily relies on the consequences of character and morality while health care professionals are concerned about matters regarding health outcomes and behaviors.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santelli JS, Kantor LM, Grilo SA, Speizer IS, Lindberg LD, Heitel J, Schalet AT, Lyon ME, Mason-Jones AJ, McGovern T, Heck CJ, Rogers J, Ott MA |display-authors=6 |title=Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage: An Updated Review of U.S. Policies and Programs and Their Impact |language=en |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=273–280 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28842065 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.031 |url=https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30260-4/abstract |doi-access=free|hdl=1805/15683 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Though abstinence is the best course to prevent pregnancy and STIs, in reality, it leaves young people without the information and skills they need to avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs.<ref name=":1" />