Editing Russian language (section)

== Alphabet ==
{{Main|Russian alphabet|Russian Braille}}

[[File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov.png|thumb|A page from Azbuka ([[Alphabet book]]), the first East Slavic printed textbook. Printed by [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the [[Cyrillic script]].]]

Russian is written using a [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with [[help:IPA|IPA]] values for each letter's typical sound:

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| {{lang|ru|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}}а<br/>{{IPA|/a/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}}б<br/>{{IPA|/b/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}}в<br/>{{IPA|/v/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}}г<br/>{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}}д<br/>{{IPA|/d/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]}}е<br/>{{IPA|/je/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]]}}ё<br/>{{IPA|/jo/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}}ж<br/>{{IPA|/ʐ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}}з<br/>{{IPA|/z/}}||{{lang|ru|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}и<br/>{{IPA|/i/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Short I|Й]]}}й<br/>{{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| {{lang|ru|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}}к<br/>{{IPA|/k/}}||{{lang|ru|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}}л<br/>{{IPA|/l/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}}м<br/>{{IPA|/m/}}||{{lang|ru|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}н<br/>{{IPA|/n/}}||{{lang|ru|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}о<br/>{{IPA|/o/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}п<br/>{{IPA|/p/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]}}р<br/>{{IPA|/r/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]}}с<br/>{{IPA|/s/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]}}т<br/>{{IPA|/t/}}||{{lang|ru|[[U (Cyrillic)|У]]}}у<br/>{{IPA|/u/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]}}ф<br/>{{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| {{lang|ru|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}х<br/>{{IPA|/x/<!-- do not change it to "kh", the symbol between slashes is not transliteration, this is phonemic transcription in IPA! -->}}||{{lang|ru|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}ц<br/>{{IPA|/ts/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}ч<br/>{{IPA|/tɕ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}ш<br/>{{IPA|/ʂ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Shcha (Cyrillic)|Щ]]}}щ<br/>{{IPA|/ɕː/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Hard sign|Ъ]]}}ъ<br/>{{IPA|/-/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yery|Ы]]}}ы<br/> {{IPA|/ɨ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Soft sign|Ь]]}}ь<br/>{{IPA|/ʲ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[E (Cyrillic)|Э]]}}э<br/>{{IPA|/e/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]}}ю<br/>{{IPA|/ju/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я]]}}я<br/>{{IPA|/ja/}}
|}

Older letters of the Russian alphabet include {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѣ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|е}}}} ({{IPA|/je/}} or {{IPA|/ʲe/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|і}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѵ}}}}, which both merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|и}}}} ({{IPA|/i/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѳ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ф}}}} ({{IPA|/f/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѫ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|у}}}} ({{IPA|/u/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѭ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ю}}}} ({{IPA|/ju/}} or {{IPA|/ʲu/}}); and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѧ}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѩ}}}}, which later were graphically reshaped into {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|я}}}} and merged phonetically to {{IPA|/ja/}} or {{IPA|/ʲa/}}. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The [[yer]]s {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ъ}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ь}}}} originally indicated the pronunciation of ''ultra-short'' or ''reduced'' {{IPA|/ŭ/}}, {{IPA|/ĭ/}}.

=== Transliteration ===
{{Further|Romanization of Russian}}

Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, {{wikt-lang|ru|мороз}} ('frost') is transliterated ''moroz'', and {{wikt-lang|ru|мышь}} ('mouse'), ''mysh'' or ''myš'''. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode [[character encoding]], which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this [[Unicode]] extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caloni |first=Wanderley |title=RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets |url=http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11940/RusKey-mapping-the-Russian-keyboard-layout-into-th |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=28 January 2011 |publisher=[[The Code Project]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301121842/http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11940/RusKey-mapping-the-Russian-keyboard-layout-into-th |archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Computing ===
{{Main article|History of computing in the Soviet Union}}
The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the [[Automatic Digital Computer M-1|M-1]], and [[MESM]] models were produced in 1951.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Tracing the Origins of the First Soviet Computers, Beyond Legends |first1=Giovanni A. |last1=Cignoni |first2=Sergei P. |last2=Prokhorov |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=45 |issue=4 |date=October–December 2023 |pages=85–91 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2023.3326668 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10332944}}</ref>

=== Orthography ===
{{Main|Russian orthography}}

According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional [[acute accent]] ({{lang|ru|знак ударения}}) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: {{lang|ru|замо́к}} (''zamók'' – "lock") – {{lang|ru|за́мок}} (''zámok'' – "castle"), {{lang|ru|сто́ящий}} (''stóyashchy'' – "worthwhile") – {{lang|ru|стоя́щий}} (''stoyáshchy'' – "standing"), {{lang|ru|чудно́}} (''chudnó'' – "this is odd") – {{lang|ru|чу́дно}} (''chúdno'' – "this is marvellous"), {{lang|ru|молоде́ц}} (''molodéts'' – "well done!") – {{lang|ru|мо́лодец}} (''mólodets'' – "fine young man"), {{lang|ru|узна́ю}} (''uznáyu'' – "I shall learn it") – {{lang|ru|узнаю́}} (''uznayú'' – "I recognize it"), {{lang|ru|отреза́ть}} (''otrezát'' – "to be cutting") – {{lang|ru|отре́зать}} (''otrézat'' – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like {{lang|ru|афе́ра}} (''aféra'', "scandal, affair"), {{lang|ru|гу́ру}} (''gúru'', "guru"), {{lang|ru|Гарси́я}} (''García''), {{lang|ru|Оле́ша}} (''Olésha''), {{lang|ru|Фе́рми}} (''Fermi''), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example {{lang|ru|Ты́ съел печенье?}} (''Tý syel pechenye?'' – "Was it ''you'' who ate the cookie?") – {{lang|ru|Ты съе́л печенье?}} (''Ty syél pechenye?'' – "Did you ''eat'' the cookie?) – {{lang|ru|Ты съел пече́нье?}} (''Ty syel pechénye?'' "Was it the ''cookie'' you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341623843|first=Sviatlana|last=Karpava|title=Lexical stress assignment and reading skills of Russian heritage children}}</ref>