Editing Roman numerals (section)

====''Vinculum''====
Using the {{lang|la|[[Vinculum (symbol)|vinculum]]}}, conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a "bar" or "overline", thus:<ref name="Ifrah2000" />
* '''{{rn|IV|border=t}}''' = 4,000
* '''{{rn|XXV|border=t}}''' = 25,000
The ''vinculum ''came into use in the [[Roman Republic|late Republic]],<ref name=Dilke>{{Cite book |last=Dilke |first=Oswald Ashton Wentworth |title=Mathematics and measurement |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum Publications |isbn=978-0-7141-8067-0 |series=Reading the past |location=London|page=15}}</ref> and it was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval period).<ref name="Chrisomalis01">{{Cite book |last=Chrisomalis |first=Stephen |title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |title-link=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87818-0 |pages=102–109}}</ref><ref name="gordon01">{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Arthur E. |title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy |date=1982 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-05079-7 |location=Berkeley |pages=122–123}}</ref> It continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as {{lang|la|titulus}},<ref name="Chrisomalis02">{{Cite book |last=Chrisomalis |first=Stephen |title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |title-link=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87818-0 |pages=119}}</ref> and it appears in modern editions of classical and medieval Latin texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boethius |url=https://archive.org/download/aniciimanliitor00friegoog/aniciimanliitor00friegoog.pdf |title=De Institutione Arithmetica, libri duo |date=1867 |publisher=B.G.Teubner |pages=42 |author-link=Boethius |access-date=18 January 2023 |orig-date=6th century AD}}</ref><ref name="PlinyNH" />

In an extension of the {{lang|la|vinculum}}, a three-sided box (now sometimes printed as two vertical lines and a {{lang|la|vinculum}}) is used to multiply by 100,000,<ref name="Chrisomalis03">{{Cite book |last=Chrisomalis |first=Stephen |title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |title-link=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87818-0 |pages=402–403}}</ref><ref name=Dilke /> thus:
* '''{{rn|XIII|border=vt}}{{nbsp}}{{rn|XXXII|border=t}} p.''' = 1,332,000 paces (1,332 [[Mile#Roman|Roman miles]]).{{efn|1={{rn|XIII|border=vt}} = 13 × 100,000 = 1,300,000 and {{rn|XXXII|border=t}} = 32 × 1000 = 32,000, so '{{rn|XIII|border=vt}}{{nbsp}}{{rn|XXXII|border=t}} = 1,332,000. '''p.''' is a common abbreviation for {{lang|la|passus}}, paces, the Romans counting a pace as two steps.}}<ref name="PlinyNH">{{Cite book |last=Pliny |url=https://archive.org/details/L352PlinyNaturalHistoryII37/page/n429/mode/2up |title=Natural History |date=1961 |publisher=Harvard University Press |series=Loeb Classical Library |volume=L352 |at=Book VI, XXVI, 100 (pp 414-415) |orig-date=1st century AD}}</ref>

{{lang|la|Vinculum}} notation is distinct from the custom of adding an overline to a numeral simply to indicate that it is a number. Both usages can be seen on Roman inscriptions of the same period and general location, such as on the [[Antonine Wall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIB 2208. Distance Slab of the Twentieth Legion |url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2208 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Roman Inscriptions in Britain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions |url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2171 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Roman Inscriptions in Britain}}</ref>