Editing Richard II of England (section)

=== Deposition ===
[[File:Bolingbroke-richard-flint-castle-harley-ms-1319 (cropped).png|thumb|left|Richard's surrender to Henry at [[Flint Castle]] in Wales]]
In June 1399, [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]], gained control of the court of the insane [[Charles VI of France]]. The policy of rapprochement with the English crown did not suit Louis's political ambitions, and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Bolingbroke to leave for England.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;406–407.</ref> With a small group of followers, Bolingbroke landed at [[Ravenspurn]] in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399.<ref>Saul (1997), p.&nbsp;408.</ref> Insisting that his only object was to regain his own patrimony, Bolingbroke received the support of both of the preeminent northern magnates, [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland]] and [[Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland|Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland]].<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;408–410.</ref> The King had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Bolingbroke experienced little resistance as he moved south. The Keeper of the Realm, [[Edmund, Duke of York]], had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke.<ref>Harriss (2005), pp.&nbsp;486–487.</ref> Meanwhile, Richard was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July.<ref>Saul (1997), p.&nbsp;411.</ref> He made his way to [[Conwy Castle|Conwy]], where on 12 August he met with Northumberland for negotiations.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;412–413.</ref> On 19 August, Richard surrendered to Bolingbroke at [[Flint Castle]], promising to abdicate if his life were spared.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard II, King of England (1367–1400) |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richard2.htm |access-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Luminarium.org}}</ref> Both men then made their way to [[Chester Castle]] where Richard was held in the crypt of the Agricola Tower.<ref>{{cite book| last =Richards | first =Raymond | title =Old Cheshire Churches|page=102 | publisher =Batsford | year =1947 | location =London |oclc =719918}}</ref> On the journey to London, the indignant king had to ride all the way behind Bolingbroke. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September.<ref>Saul (1997), p.&nbsp;417.</ref>

It was now argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.<ref>McKisack (1959), pp.&nbsp;494–495.</ref> According to the normal law of primogeniture, the heir to the throne at this point would have been [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March]], great-grandson of Edward III's second son to reach adulthood, [[Lionel, Duke of Clarence]] through Lionel's daughter [[Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa]].  Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's next eldest son. However, in 1376 Edward had [[entailed]] the succession to heirs male, bypassing Philippa and her descendants in favour of his next eldest son, John of Gaunt, and thence his son Henry Bolingbroke. Richard's own view of the question during his reign is uncertain, but his assignment in 1397 of the highest place in the order of precedence to Bolingbroke suggests endorsement of his status as [[heir presumptive]].<ref>Bennett (1998), pp.&nbsp;582–94; Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;419–420.</ref>

[[File:Abdikace Richarda2.png|thumb|Richard surrendering the crown to Henry]]
According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of [[House of Lords#History|lords]] and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, Richard gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. In contrast, the ''Traison et Mort Chronicle'' suggests otherwise. It describes a meeting between Richard and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session. The King succumbed to blind rage, ordered his own release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife, and swore revenge, throwing down his bonnet, while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval.<ref name="kingsmadeengland">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Dan |title=The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England |date=2012 |publisher=[[HarperPress]] |isbn=978-0-0072-1392-4 |chapter=Richard Alone |author-link=Dan Jones (writer)}}</ref> When parliament met to discuss Richard's fate, [[John Trevor (died 1410)|John Trevor]], Bishop of St Asaph, read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. On 1 October 1399, Richard II was formally deposed. On 13 October, the feast day of [[Edward the Confessor]], Henry was crowned king.<ref name = kingsmadeengland/>