Editing Republicanism (section)

====French and Swiss thought====
[[File:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Montesquieu]]]]

French and Swiss Enlightenment thinkers, such as [[Voltaire]], [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Baron Charles de Montesquieu]] and later [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], expanded upon and altered the ideas of what an ideal republic should be: some of their new ideas were scarcely traceable to antiquity or the Renaissance thinkers. Concepts they contributed, or heavily elaborated, were [[social contract]], [[positive law]], and [[mixed government]]. They also borrowed from, and distinguished republicanism from, the ideas of [[liberalism]] that were developing at the same time.

Liberalism and republicanism were frequently conflated during this period, because they both opposed absolute monarchy. Modern scholars see them as two distinct streams that both contributed to the democratic ideals of the modern world. An important distinction is that, while republicanism stressed the importance of [[civic virtue]] and the [[common good]], liberalism was based on economics and [[individualism]]. It is clearest in the matter of private property, which, according to some, can be maintained only under the protection of established [[positive law]].

[[Jules Ferry]], Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1885, followed both these schools of thought. He eventually enacted the [[Ferry Laws]], which he intended to overturn the [[Falloux Laws]] by embracing the anti-clerical thinking of the ''Philosophes''. These laws ended the Catholic Church's involvement in many government institutions in late 19th-century France, including schools.