Editing Racial segregation (section)

==== Nazi Germany ====

{{Main|Nazism|Nazi racial theories|Racial policy of Nazi Germany}}
{{See also|Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|Nur für Deutsche}}

[[File:Nur fur deutsche.jpg|thumb|upright|"Nur für deutsche Fahrgäste" ("Only for German passengers") on the tram number 8 in German-occupied [[Kraków]], Poland]]

German praise for America's system of [[institutional racism]], which was expressed in [[Adolf Hitler]]'s ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', was continuous throughout the early 1930s.<ref name="Whitman" /> The U.S. was the global leader of codified racism, and its race laws fascinated the Germans.<ref name="Whitman" /> The ''National Socialist Handbook for Law and Legislation'' of 1934–35, edited by Hitler's lawyer [[Hans Frank]], contains a pivotal essay by Herbert Kier on the recommendations for race legislation which devoted a quarter of its pages to U.S. legislation—from segregation, race-based citizenship, immigration regulations, and [[anti-miscegenation]].<ref name="Whitman" /> This directly inspired the two principal [[Nuremberg Laws]]—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<ref name="Whitman">{{Cite book |last=Whitman |first=James Q. |title=Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=37–43}}</ref> The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation) prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as "[[Aryan]]" and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called ''[[Rassenschande]]'' (race defilement). At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to "[[Romani people|Gypsies]], [[Negro]]es".<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. H. Milton |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780691086842 |editor-last=Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus |pages=216, 231 |chapter="Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany}}</ref><ref name="Burleigh1991">{{Cite book |last=Michael Burleigh |url=https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich |title=The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 |date=7 November 1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39802-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49 49] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour |date=15 September 1935 |chapter=1 |quote=Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.}}</ref> Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a [[Nazi concentration camp]], while non-Aryans could face the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Leila J. Rupp]] |title=Mobilizing Women for War |year=1978 |isbn=0-691-04649-2 |page=125|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-Germans).<ref name="Majer2003">{{Cite book |last=Diemut Majer |title="Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |publisher=JHU Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3 |page=180}}</ref>

Under the General Government of [[occupied Poland]] in 1940, the Nazis divided the population into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed housing strips in the cities, public transportation, etc. In an effort to split the Polish people's identity, they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of [[Kashubians]] and [[Gorals]] ([[Goralenvolk]]), based on these groups' alleged "Germanic component".

During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-controlled states]] were forced to wear something that identified them as Jewish, such as a [[yellow badge|yellow ribbon or a star of David]], and along with [[Romani people|Romas]] (Gypsies), they were subjected to discrimination by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat [[Aryan race|Aryan]] patients and Jewish professors were not permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any form of public transportation, besides the ferry, and they were only allowed to shop in Jewish stores from 3–5 pm. After ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' ("The Night of Broken Glass"), the Jews were fined {{Reichsmark|1,000,000,000|link=yes}} for the damage which was done by Nazi troops and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] members.

[[File:Lwow Ghetto (spring 1942).jpg|thumb|left|Women behind the barbed wire fence of the [[Lwów Ghetto]] in occupied Poland, Spring 1942]]

[[Jews]], [[Polish people|Poles]], and [[Romani people|Roma]] were subjected to [[genocide]] as "undesirable" racial groups in [[The Holocaust]]. The Nazis established [[Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939–1944|ghettos]] in order to confine Jews and sometimes, they confined Romas in tightly packed areas of the cities of [[Eastern Europe]], turning them into ''[[de facto]]'' [[concentration camp]]s. The [[Warsaw Ghetto]] was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people. The [[Łódź Ghetto]] was the second largest, holding about 160,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 1939 |title=Holocaust Timeline: The Ghettos |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/HOLOCAUST/timeline/ghettos.htm |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Fcit.usf.edu |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503154427/http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/ghettos.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million [[Poland|Polish]] citizens were transported to the Reich for [[forced labour]] (in all, about 12 million forced laborers were employed in the German war economy inside [[Nazi Germany]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Marek |title=Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810111755/https://www.dw.com/en/final-compensation-pending-for-former-nazi-forced-laborers/a-1757323 |archive-date=10 August 2015 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Dw-world.de}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War |url=http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014235036/http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Summeroftruth.org}}</ref> Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, [[Polish people|Poles]], along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitler's Plans |url=http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401234751/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |archive-date=1 April 2010 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Dac.neu.edu}}</ref> were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear a yellow with purple border and letter "[[P (Nazi symbol)|P]]" (for Polen/Polish) cloth identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a [[curfew]], and banned from [[public transportation]].

While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers, as a rule, were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with [[Germans]] outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations (''[[Rassenschande]]'' or "racial defilement") were punishable by death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era |url=http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Holocaust-trc.org |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716193932/http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>