Editing Progressive education (section)

===Maria Montessori===
[[Maria Montessori]] (1870–1952) began to develop her philosophy and methods in 1897. She based her work on her observations of children and experimentation with the environment, materials, and lessons available to them. She frequently referred to her work as "scientific pedagogy", arguing for the need to go beyond observation and measurement of students, to developing new methods to transform them. Although [[Montessori education]] spread to the United States in 1911 there were conflicts with the American educational establishment and was opposed by William Heard Kilpatrick. However Montessori education returned to the United States in 1960 and has since spread to thousands of schools there.

In 1914 the Montessori Society in England organised its first conference. Hosted by Rev Bertram Hawker,<ref name=Hawker>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hawker-bertram-robert-10456|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 14|author=D. & M. Van Dissel|publisher=Melbourne University Press 1996|access-date=4 April 2019|chapter=Hawker, Bertram Robert (1868–1952)}}</ref> who had set up, in partnership with his local elementary school in the Norfolk coastal village of East Runton, the first Montessori School in England. Pictures of this school, and its children,  illustrated the 'Montessori's Own Handbook' (1914).<ref name=Montessori>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/drmontessorisown00mont|title=Dr Montessori's Own Handbook|author=Dr Maria Montessori|publisher=Robert Bently Inc. 1914|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Hawker had been impressed by his visit to Montessori's Casa dei Bambini in Rome, he gave numerous talks on Montessori's work after 1912, assisting in generating a national interest in her work. He organised the Montessori Conference 1914 in partnership with Edmond Holmes, ex-Chief Inspector of Schools, who had written a government report on Montessori. The conference decided that its remit was to promote the 'liberation of the child in the school', and though inspired by Montessori, would encourage, support and network teachers and educationalists who sought, through their schools and methods, that aim. They changed their name the following year to New Ideals in Education. Each subsequent conference was opened with reference to its history and origin as a Montessori Conference recognising her inspiration, reports italicized the members of the Montessori Society in the delegate lists, and numerous further events included Montessori methods and case studies. Montessori, through New Ideals in Education, its committee and members, events and publications, greatly influenced progressive state education in England. (references to be added).