Editing Postpartum depression (section)

==== Biological ====

* Administration of labor-inducing medication synthetic [[Oxytocin (medication)|oxytocin]]<ref name="Kroll-Desrosiers _2017"/>
* Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities<ref name="Ross_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ross LE, Dennis CL | title = The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Women's Health | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–486 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19361314 | doi = 10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 }}</ref>
* Genetic history of PPD<ref name="McCoy_20062">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH | title = Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature | journal = The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 193–198 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16627773 }}</ref>
* Hormone irregularities<ref name="Ross_2009"/>
* Inflammatory illnesses ([[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[fibromyalgia]])<ref name="Ross_2009"/>
* Cigarette smoking<ref name="McCoy_20062"/>
* Gut microbiome<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCurry MD, D'Agostino GD, Walsh JT, Bisanz JE, Zalosnik I, Dong X, Morris DJ, Korzenik JR, Edlow AG, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ, Huh JR, Devlin AS | title = Gut bacteria convert glucocorticoids into progestins in the presence of hydrogen gas | journal = Cell | volume = 187 | issue = 12 | pages = 2952–2968.e13 | date = June 2024 | pmid = 38795705 | pmc = 11179439 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.005 | pmc-embargo-date = June 6, 2025 }}</ref>

The risk factors for postpartum depression can be broken down into two categories as listed above, biological and psychosocial.<ref name="Yim_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C | title = Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–137 | date = 2015-03-28 | pmid = 25822344 | pmc = 5659274 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 }}</ref> Certain biological risk factors include the administration of oxytocin to induce labor. Chronic illnesses such as diabetes, or Addison's disease, as well as issues with [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation]] (which controls hormonal responses),<ref name="Ross_2009"/> inflammatory processes like [[asthma]] or [[celiac disease]], and genetic vulnerabilities such as a family history of depression or PPD. Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities including [[irritable bowel syndrome]] and [[fibromyalgia]] typically put individuals at risk for further health complications. However, it has been found that these diseases do not increase the risk for postpartum depression, these factors are known to [[Correlation|correlate]] with PPD.<ref name="Ross_2009" /> This correlation does not mean these factors are causal. Cigarette smoking has been known to have additive effects.<ref name="McCoy_20062"/> Some studies have found a link between PPD and low levels of DHA (an omega-3 fatty acid) in the mother.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hibbeln JR | title = Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 69 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 15–29 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12103448 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00374-3 }}</ref> A correlation between postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum depression has been proposed but remains controversial. There may also be a link between postpartum depression and anti-thyroid antibodies.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Horsager R, Hoffman BL, Santiago-Muñoz PC, Rogers VL, Worley KC, Roberts SW |title=Williams Obstetrics Study Guide |date=2014-10-15 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education Medical |isbn=978-0-07-179327-8 |edition=24th |location=New York }}</ref>