Editing Porpoise (section)

===In captivity===
{{Main|Cetaceans in captivity}}
[[File:Harbor Porpoise Fjord Baelt Denmark.JPG|thumb|[[Harbour porpoise]] in captivity]]

Harbour porpoises have historically been kept in captivity, under the assumption that they would fare better than their dolphin counterparts due to their smaller size and shallow-water habitats. Up until the 1980s, they were consistently short-lived.<ref name="Porpoise"/><ref name=Collet1984>{{cite journal| author=Collet, A. | year=1984 | title=Live-Capture of Cetaceans for European Institutions | journal=Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. | volume=34 | pages=603–607 }}</ref> Harbour porpoises have a very long captive history, with poorly documented attempts as early as the 15th century,<ref name="Porpoise"/> and better documented starting in the 1860s and 1870s in [[London Zoo]], the now-closed [[Brighton]] Aquarium & Dolphinarium, and a zoo in Germany.<ref name=Collet1984/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=1&ordnung=114&familie=11403&art=1110105&subhaltungen=2|title=North Atlantic Harbour porpoise|work=Zootierliste|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> At least 150 harbour porpoises have been kept worldwide, but only about 20 were actively caught for captivity.<ref name="Porpoise"/> The captive history is best documented from Denmark where about 100 harbour porpoises have been kept, most in the 1960s and 1970s. All but two were incidental catches in fishing nets or strandings. Nearly half of these died within a month of diseases caught before they were captured or from damage sustained during capture. Up until 1984, none lived for more than 14 months.<ref name="Porpoise"/><ref name=Collet1984/> Attempts to rehabilitate seven rescued individuals in 1986 only resulted in three that could be released 6 months later.<ref name="Porpoise"/> Very few have been brought into captivity later, but they have lived considerably longer. In recent decades, the only place keeping the species in Denmark is the Fjord & Bælt Centre, where three rescues have been kept, along with their offspring. Among the three rescues, one (father of world's first harbour porpoise born in captivity) lived for 20 years in captivity, another for 15 years,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fyens.dk/kerteminde/Doedsfald-paa-FjordBaelt-Sif-blev-15-aar/artikel/3226969|title=Dødsfald på Fjord&Bælt: Sif blev 15 år|work=fyens.dk|date=1 February 2018|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=tv2fyn>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv2fyn.dk/artikel/eigil-er-doed|title=Tab for forskningen: Marsvinet Eigil er død|work=tv2fyn.dk|date=28 April 2016|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> while the third (mother of first born in captivity) is the world's oldest known harbour porpoise, being 28 years old in 2023.<ref>{{cite news| title=Marsvinet Freja bliver optaget i Guinness rekordbog | url=https://avisendanmark.dk/indland/marsvinet-freja-bliver-optaget-i-guinness-rekordbog | date=1 August 2023 | publisher=avisendanmark.dk | access-date=21 August 2023 }}</ref> The typical age reached in the wild is 14 years or less.<ref name=tv2fyn/><ref name="Read&Hohn"/><ref name=ADWHarbourPorpoise>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phocoena_phocoena/|title=Phocoena phocoena, harbor porpoise|work=animaldiversity.org|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> Very few harbour porpoises have been born in captivity. Historically, harbour porpoises were often kept singly and those who were together often were not mature or of the same sex.<ref name="Porpoise"/> Disregarding one born more than 100 years ago that was the result of a pregnant female being brought into captivity,<ref name="Porpoise"/> the world's first full captive breeding was in 2007 in the Fjord & Bælt Centre, followed by another in 2009 in the [[Dolfinarium Harderwijk]], the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2009-05-porpoise-2nd-birth-captivity.html|title=Porpoise is 2nd to give birth in captivity|work=phys.org|date=8 May 2009|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> In addition to the few kept in Europe, harbour porpoise were displayed at the [[Vancouver Aquarium]] (Canada) until recently. This was a female that had beached herself onto [[Horseshoe Bay, West Vancouver|Horseshoe Bay]] in 2008 and a male that had done the same in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanaqua.org/experience/shows/porpoise|title=Spotlight on Porpoises|author=Vancouver Aquarium|work=Vancouver Aquarium|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905153432/http://www.vanaqua.org/experience/shows/porpoise|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nsnews.com/news/porpoise-rescued-in-horseshoe-bay-now-a-permanent-resident-of-aquarium-1.372119|title=Porpoise rescued in Horseshoe Bay now a permanent resident of aquarium|work=North Shore News|date=16 May 2012|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> They died in 2017 and 2016 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/harbour-porpoise-rescued-in-2008-dies-at-vancouver-aquarium|title=Harbour porpoise Daisy, rescued in 2008, dies at Vancouver Aquarium|work=Vancouver Sun|date=16 June 2017|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-aquarium-porpoise-1.3719481|title=Jack the harbour porpoise dies at Vancouver Aquarium|work=CBC|date=13 August 2016|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

Finless porpoises have commonly been kept in Japan, as well as China and Indonesia. As of 1984, ninety-four in total had been in captivity in Japan, eleven in China, and at least two in Indonesia. As of 1986, three establishments in Japan had bred them, and there had been five recorded births. Three calves died moments after their birth, but two survived for several years.<ref name="Porpoise"/> This breeding success, combined with the results with harbour porpoise in Denmark and the Netherlands, proved that porpoises can be successfully bred in captivity, and this could open up new conservation options.<ref name="Porpoise"/><ref name=Goldfarb2016>{{cite journal| author=Goldfarb, B. | year=2016 | title=Can captive breeding save Mexico's vaquita?| journal=Conservation Biology | volume=353 | issue=6300 | pages=633–634 | doi=10.1126/science.353.6300.633 | pmid=27516576 }}</ref> The reopened [[Miyajima Public Aquarium]] (Japan) houses three finless porpoises.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2011/08/05/events/events-outside-tokyo/hiroshima-revamps-its-aquarium/#.Ve4pN_lVhBc|title=Hiroshima revamps its aquarium|newspaper=Japan Times|first=Wade|last=Bunnel}}</ref> As part of an attempt of saving the [[Yangtze finless porpoise|narrow-ridged (or Yangtze) finless porpoise]], several are kept in the Baiji Dolphinarium in China. After having been kept in captivity for 9 years, the first breeding happened in 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | author1=Ding Wang | author2=Yujiang Hao | author3=Kexiong Wang | author4=Qingzhong Zhao | author5=Daoquang Chen | author6=Zhuo Wei | author7=Xianfeng Zhang | year=2005 | title=The first Yangtze finless porpoise successfully born in captivity | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | volume=12 | issue=5 | pages=247–250 | doi=10.1065/espr2005.08.284 | pmid=16206715 | s2cid=37638759 }}</ref>

Small numbers of Dall's porpoises have been kept in captivity in both the United States and Japan, with the most recent being in the 1980s. The first recorded instance of a Dall's taken for an aquarium was in 1956 captured off [[Santa Catalina Island (California)|Catalina Island]] in southern California.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-02|title=Wayback Machine: Dall's Porpoises in Captivity|url=https://www.dolphinproject.com/blog/wayback-machine-dalls-porpoises-in-captivity/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Dolphin Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Dall's porpoises consistently failed to thrive in captivity. These animals often repeatedly ran into the walls of their enclosures, refused food, and exhibited [[skin sloughing]]. Almost all Dall's porpoises introduced to aquaria died shortly after, typically within days.<ref name="Porpoise"/><ref name=DallsInCaptivity>{{cite web|url=https://dolphinproject.com/blog/wayback-machine-dalls-porpoises-in-captivity/|title=Wayback Machine: Dall's Porpoises in Captivity|work=dolphinproject.com|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> Only two have lived for more than 60 days: a male reached 15 months at [[Marineland of the Pacific]] and another 21 months at a [[United States Navy Marine Mammal Program|United States Navy facility]].<ref name=DallsInCaptivity/>

As part of last-ditch effort of saving the extremely rare [[vaquita]] (the tiny remaining population is rapidly declining because of bycatch in gillnets), there have been attempts of transferring some to captivity.<ref name=Goldfarb2016/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/captivity-last-hope-for-saving-the-vaquita/a-36799824|title=Captivity: Last hope for saving the vaquita?|work=Deutsche Welle|date=16 December 2016|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> The first and only caught for captivity were two females in 2017. Both became distressed and were rapidly released, but one of them died in the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/vaquita-porpoise-mexico-extinction/545204/|title=The Plan to Rescue a Nearly Extinct Porpoise Goes Terribly Awry|work=The Atlantic|date=9 November 2017|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=ScienceMagVaquita>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/update-after-death-captured-vaquita-conservationists-call-rescue-effort|title=Update: After death of captured vaquita, conservationists call off rescue effort|work=Science Magazine|date=9 November 2017|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> Soon after the project was abandoned.<ref name=ScienceMagVaquita/>

Only a single [[Burmeister's porpoise]] and a single [[spectacled porpoise]] have been kept in captivity. Both were stranded individuals that only survived a few days after their rescue.<ref name="Porpoise"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://porpoise.org/about-porpoises/spectacled-porpoise/|title=Spectacled Porpoise|work=porpoise.org|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>