Editing Pope Julius II (section)

===Lateran Council===
{{Main|Fifth Council of the Lateran}}
In May 1512 a general or ecumenical council, the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]], was held in Rome. According to an oath taken on his election to observe the [[Electoral capitulation|Electoral Capitulations]] of the Conclave of October 1503,<ref>{{harvnb|Burchard|1885|loc=III, pp. 292, 294–298}}: "''Ego Julius II electus in summum Pontificem praemissa omnia et singula promitto juro et voveo observare et adimplere in omnibus et per omnia purae et simpliciter et bona fide realiter et cum effectu, et sub poena perjurii et anathematis, a quibus nec me ipsum absolvam, nec alicui absolutionem commitam. Ita me Deus adjuvet, et haec sancta Dei Evangelia.''"</ref> Julius had sworn to summon a general council, but it had been delayed, he affirmed, because of the occupation of Italy by his enemies.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 211}}.<br>{{cite book |last1=Spencer Baynes |first1=Thomas |date=1881 |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |page=772}}</ref> The real stimulus came from a false council which took place in 1511, later called the ''[[Fifth Council of the Lateran#Conciliabulum of Pisa|Conciliabulum Pisanum]]'', inspired by [[Louis XII]] and [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] as a tactic to weaken Julius, threatening to depose him.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansi|1902|pp=561–578}}.<br>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 389–394, 414–415}}.</ref> Julius' reply was the issuing of the bull ''Non-sini gravi'' of 18 July 1511, which fixed the date of 19 April 1512 for the opening of his own council.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansi|1902|p=653}}.<br>Cesare Baronius, ''Annales ecclesiastici'', under the year 1511, §§ 915 (in Theiner's edition), pp. 540–545; the bull is subscribed by twenty-one cardinals.</ref> The Council actually convened on 3 May 1512, and [[Paris de Grassis]] reports that the crowd at the basilica was estimated at 50,000.{{sfn|Döllinger|1882|p=417}} It held its first working session on 10 May.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, pp. 101–103}}.<br>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 364–365, 406–412}}.</ref> In the third plenary session, on 3 December 1512, Julius attended, though ill; but he wanted to witness and receive the formal adhesion of Emperor Maximilian to the Lateran Council and his repudiation of the ''Conciliabulum Pisanum''. This was one of Julius' great triumphs. The Pope was again in attendance at the fourth session on 10 December, this time to hear the accrediting of the Venetian Ambassador as the Serene Republic's representative at the council; he then had the letter of King [[Louis XI]] (of 27 November 1461), in which he announced the revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction, read out to the assembly, and demanded that all persons who accepted the Pragmatic Sanction appear before the Council within sixty days to justify their conduct. This was directed against the current French King Louis XII.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 427–429}}.<br>{{harvnb|Mansi|1902|pp=747–752}}.</ref>

The fifth session was held on 16 February, but Pope Julius was too ill to attend. Cardinal [[Raffaele Riario]], the Dean of the College of Cardinals and Bishop of Ostia, presided. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Como|Bishop of Como]], [[Scaramuccia Trivulzio]], then read from the pulpit a papal bull, ''Si summus rerum'', dated that very day and containing within its text the complete bull of 14 January 1505, ''Cum tam divino''. The bull was submitted to the Council fathers for their consideration and ratification. Julius wanted to remind everyone of his legislation on papal conclaves, in particular against [[simony]], and to fix his regulations firmly in [[canon law]] so that they could not be dispensed or ignored. Julius was fully aware that his death was imminent, and wished to establish a major reform in his final days. Though he had been a witness to a good deal of simony at papal conclaves and had been a practitioner himself, he was determined to stamp out this abuse.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansi|1902|pp=762, 768–772}}.<br>{{harvnb|Dumesnil|1873|pp=249–251}}.<br>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 440}}.<br>Giovanni Berthelet, ''La elezione del papa: storia e documenti'' (Roma 1891), pp. 35–45 (with Italian translation).</ref> The reading of the bull ''Cum tam divino'' became a regular feature of the first day of every conclave.